Table 1.

Laboratory tests for leptospirosis diagnosis.

Direct Methods	Indirect Methods
Microscopy	Genus-specific antibody tests
DFM, phase contrast	IHA, ELISA, Leptospirosis IgM dipstick, MCAT
Staining	Serovar-specific antibody test
Warthin-Starry silver stain, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase	MAT
Isolations of leptospires
DNA hybridization or DNA probe
Animal inoculation
DNA amplification
PCR, LAMP, NGS, qPCR

LAMP, loop-mediated isothermal amplification; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; NGS, next-generation sequencing; IHA, indirect hemagglutination; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IgM, immunoglobulin M; MAT, macroscopic agglutination test; MCAT, microcapsule agglutination test; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; DFM, dark-field microscopy.