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. 2022 Feb 14;11(4):654. doi: 10.3390/cells11040654

Figure 7.

Figure 7

Scheme of heart failure-promoting functions of RKIP. RKIP (light red) enhances cardiomyocyte apoptosis and the accumulation of cardiotoxic lipids (light red) by inhibition of the pro-survival RAF1-MAPK cascade (white). By the inhibition of GRK2, RKIP (green) promotes beneficial GPCR-stimulated Gi/o signalling and crosstalk with RAS-stimulating receptor tyrosine kinases, RTK (green). By sensitisation of the detrimental cardiac Gs- and Gq/11-stimulated receptors, which enhance cardiac fibrosis and upregulation of NPPA, GRK2 and GRK5 (light red), RKIP promotes symptoms of heart failure. The detrimental RKIP-mediated cardiac functions are highlighted in light red (heart image adapted from: https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/human-heart-anatomy-organs-symbol-in-cartoon-vector-28345117?refer=eml; accessed on 26 December 2021).