Table 3.
Studies assessing immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
| References | Trial Phase | Therapy | Number of Patients | Clinical Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laheru et al. 2008 [117] | II | GVAX + cyclophosphamide | 50 | Median survival: 4.3 months |
| Royal et al. 2010 [118] | II | Anti CTLA4 antibody (Ipilimumab) |
27 | No objective response |
| Brahmer et al. 2012 [119] | I (NCT00729664) |
Anti PD-L1 antibody (Nivolumab) | 14 | No objective response |
| Le et al. 2013 [120] | Ib (NCT00836407) |
Ipilimumab + GVAX | 15 | Median OS: 5.7 months |
| Le et al. 2015 [121] | II (NCT01417000) |
GVAX + cyclophosphamide | 61 | Median OS: 9.7 months |
| O’Reilly et al. 2019 [122] | II (NCT02558894) |
Anti PD-L1 antibody (Durvalumab) + Anti CTLA4 antibody (Tremelimumab) |
65 | No objective response |
| Renouf et al. 2020 [123] | II (NCT02879318) |
Gembitabine + Nabpaclitaxel ± Durvalumab + Tremelimumab | 180 | No objective response |
GVAX: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene-transfected tumor cell vaccine; OS: overall survival.