Figure 1.

A summary of the sources of estrogen production in the body (left) and schematic diagram of both “classical” and “nongenomic” estrogen signaling pathways (right). Abbreviations: ATP: adenosine 5’-triphosphate, cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate, ER: estrogen receptor, ERE: estrogen-responsive element, TF: transcription factor, α_s: alpha subunit, β/γ: beta/gamma subunit, MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase, PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PLC: phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C, and IP3: inositol triphosphate. Created with Biorender.com, accessed on 9 December 2021.