Table 1.
Emerging prognostic biomarkers in ovarian cancer and novel technologies.
| Biomarker/ Drug/ Inhibitor |
Treatment Strategies/ Components |
Therapeutic Response |
Features/ Properties/ Nature |
Detection Level |
Supported Technologies |
Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PARP inhibitor | Extended PFS | OC, phase 3 trial |
Personalized medicine | HRD-positive tumors | [164,165,166] | |
| PARP inhibitor, bevacizumab |
PFS benefit, anti-VEGF |
OC, phase 3 trial |
Antiangiogenic | HRD-positive tumors, BRCA mutation | [100] | |
| Combination of PARP and ATR inhibitor | Overcomes PARPi and platinum resistance | OC, PDX models | Stabilize stressed replication fork and apoptosis | DNA, protein | Western blot, IHC, NGS, RPPA | [17] |
| ARNTL | Epi-biomarker by reducing promoter methylation | OC | Circadian and tumor-suppressor gene | DNA | CpG island microarray, COBRA, ChIP-PCR | [167,168] |
| RUNX3/CAMK2N1 | Epigenetic prognostic marker | EOC | Hypermethylation of CpG island reduces PFS | DNA | GWA and targeted NGBS confirming array | [162,169] |
| Fkbp1/Pax9 | Epi-biomarker for platinum-resistant therapeutic target | OC | PAX9 hypermethylation causes a poor prognosis for OS | DNA, RNA |
Sanger sequencing, RT-PCR | [161] |
| COL11A1 | Promotes tumor progression through TGF-β1–MMP3 axis and predicts poor prognosis | OC | Disease-progression-associated gene | mRNA | Microarray, RT-PCR, casein zymography, and ChIP assay | [170] |
| circCELSR1 | Increases paclitaxel resistance and poor prognosis | OC | Circular RNA | miRNA | Microarray analysis and RT-qPCR | [171] |
| microRNA-137 | Promotes apoptosis; represses mRNA translation |
Improves drug resistance | Regulating RNA | Short non-coding RNA | Dual-luciferase reporter assay | [158] |
| FOXM1 | Prognostic and chemoresistant therapeutic target | Non-serous EOC | Oncogene | mRNA, protein | Microarray, RT-qPCR, and IHC | [163] |
| RBP4 | Diagnostic or prognostic biomarker | Ovarian endometrioma | Adipokine RBP4 involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis | Protein | Human XL proteome profile assay, IHC, cell viability, and invasiveness assay | [172] |
| AAT, NFKB, PMVK, VAP1, FABP4, and PF4 | Predicts prognosis | HGSOC | Differentially expressed proteins | Protein | Hierarchical clustering, bioinformatics, LC-MS, and IHC | [19] |
| Serotransferrin, amyloid A1, hemopexin, C-reactive protein, albumin | Multimarker test specific for screening and detection of OC | OC | Molecular signaling pathways of OC | Protein | ITRAQ-tagging coupled with mass spectrometry | [16] |
| PDGFR-beta and VEGFR-2 | Predictive biomarker for treatment response | OC | Angiogenesis-related growth factor receptors | mRNA Protein |
Quantitative RPPA, bioinformatic analysis | [173] |
| Circulatory protein | Personalized therapy for early diagnosis and prediction of drug resistance |
OC | Proteomic landscape |
Protein | Proteomic | [174] |
| 2-piperidinone and 1-heptadecanoylglycerophosphoethanolamine | Clinical diagnosis and treatment | OC | Candidate biomarker | Metabolites | UPLC/Q-TOF MS | [159] |