Table 2.
Glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products in cabbages from open-field and agriphotovoltaic systems.
| Freeze-dried (μmol·g−1 DW) | Juice (μmol·mL−1) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucosinolates | OF | APV | OF | APV |
| Glucoiberin | 2.39 ± 0.37 a | 2.19 ± 0.38 | n.d. | n.d. |
| Progoitrin | 3.15 ± 0.57 | 2.89 ± 0.68 | n.d. | n.d. |
| Glucoraphanin | 2.70 ± 0.40 | 2.53 ± 0.47 | n.d. | n.d. |
| Sinigrin | 2.91 ± 0.40 | 3.03 ± 0.60 | n.d. | n.d. |
| Gluconapin | 0.65 ± 0.07 | 0.62 ± 0.09 | n.d. | n.d. |
| Glucobrassicin | 3.54 ± 0.31 | 3.52 ± 0.56 | n.d. | n.d. |
| 4-Methoxyglucobrassicin | 0.80 ± 0.05 | 0.77 ± 0.03 | n.d. | n.d. |
| 4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin | 0.44 ± 0.05 | 0.40 ± 0.05 | n.d. | n.d. |
| Neoglucobrassicin | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. |
| Gluconasturtiin | 0.21 ± 0.03 | 0.23 ± 0.03 | n.d. | n.d. |
| Total aliphatic GS | 11.82 ± 1.75 | 11.26 ± 2.12 | - | - |
| Total indolyl GS | 4.84 ± 0.37 | 4.71 ± 0.58 | - | - |
| Total GS | 16.86 ± 1.79 | 16.21 ± 2.47 | - | - |
| Freeze-dried (μg·g−1 DW) | Juice (μg·mL−1) | |||
| Glucosinolate hydrolysis | OF | APV | OF | APV |
| 1-cyano-2,3-epithiopropane | 55.81 ± 12.11 | 52.42 ± 10.47 | n.d. | n.d. |
| 1-cyano-3,4-epithiobutane | 12.84 ± 0.91 | 10.44 ± 3.46 | n.d. | n.d. |
| 3-phenylpropanenitrile | 7.05 ± 1.48 | 6.80 ± 0.74 | 0.49 ± 0.02 | 0.55 ± 0.03 *b |
| Erucin nitrile | 2.34 ± 1.00 | 2.32 ± 1.19 | 0.73 ± 0.02 * | 0.66 ± 0.03 |
| Iberverin nitrile | 1.27 ± 0.36 | 1.17 ± 0.59 | 0.44 ± 0.01 | 0.44 ± 0.02 |
| Indole-3-acetonitrile | 13.03 ± 2.22 | 14.30 ± 1.77 | 0.87 ± 0.08 | 1.00 ± 0.07 * |
| Sulforaphane nitrile | 23.30 ± 4.04 | 21.03 ± 3.49 | 0.49 ± 0.06 | 0.51 ± 0.03 |
| Iberin nitrile | n.d. | n.d. | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.33 ± 0.01 |
| Crembene | n.d. | n.d. | 0.45 ± 0.04 | 0.46 ± 0.04 |
| Goitrin | n.d. | n.d. | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.01 |
| 4-methoxyindole-3-acetonitrile | n.d. | n.d. | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.01 |
| Total GS hydrolysis | 115.63 ± 19.78 | 108.49 ± 15.30 | 4.09 ± 0.22 | 4.23 ± 0.18 |
a The data were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 4, biological replicates, fresh cabbage; 3, technical replicates, cabbage juice). b Asterisks (*) indicate significant differences by Student t-test (p < 0.05) between OF and APV.