Table 2.
Fermented papaya health benefits in congenital/acquired hemolytic anemias.
| Preparation | Study Type | Dose | Model | Bioactive Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FPP® | In vitro study | 10 mg/mL | Normal and thalassemic RBC |
↑ glutathione content of RBC, platelets, and PMN leukocytes ↓ ROS and membrane lipid peroxidation |
[42] |
| In vivo study | 50 mg/mouse/day (3 months) |
β-thalassemia mice models | |||
| Observational study | 3 g 3 times/ day (3 months) |
8 patients with β -thalassemia intermedia and 3 with β -thalassemia major |
|||
| FPP® | Observational study | 3 g 3 times/day | β- thalassemia group (8 patients with β-thal intermedia and 3 with β-thal major) | ↑ GSH ↓ ROS; membrane lipid peroxidation |
[43] |
| 3 g 2 times/day | E-β- thalassemia group (7 patients) | ||||
| FPP® | Case report | 3 g 3 times/day (4 months) |
↑ Hb level ↓ LDH and Malondialdehyde ↓ patient fatigue ↑ patient performance |
[44] | |
| FPP® | In vitro study | Incubation of HS-RBC for 2 h with 0.1 mg/mL | HS-RBC from 17 patients | ↑ Hb level ↓ Malondialdehyde ↓ ROS ↑ GSH |
[45] |
| In vivo study | 3 g 3 times/day (3 months) |
10 (8 males and 2 females) HS patients |
FPPP®, fermented papaya preparation; GSH, reduced glutathione; Hb, free hemoglobin; HS, hereditary spherocytosis; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PMN, polymorphonuclear; RBC, red blood cells; ROS, reactive oxygen species. ↑ increase, ↓ decrease.