Table 1.

Studies reporting cases of celiac disease and celiac like conditions related to ICIs therapy.

Author, Year	No. Cases Histological Documented	Sex Age	Drugs	Duration Exposure ICIs	HLA DQ2 or DQ8	TTGA U/mL IgA	EMA	Villous Atrophy	IELs	Diagnosis	Others GI Findings	Therapy
Gentile et al. [50], 2013	1	M 62	Ipilimumab	6 weeks	Pos	79.1	Neg	Partial/Total	60/100	ICIs-CD	Colon apoptosis	GFD Budesonide
Facchinetti et al. [51], 2018	1	F 42	Nivolumab	Several months	Neg	Neg	Neg	Total	˃25/100	CD-like	Collagenous colitis	Budesonide
Duval et al. [52], 2019	1	M 58	Nivolumab	1 month	NR	Neg	NR	Subtotal	High number	CD-like	Absent	Methylprednisolone
Alsaadi et al. [53], 2019	1	F 74	Ipilimumab+Nivolumab	1 week	NR	12	NR	Total	20–30/100	ICIs-CD	Active chronic gastritis	GFD Budesonide
Kokorian et al. [54], 2019	1	M 65	Nivolumab	13 months	NR	Neg	Neg	Subtotal	40/100	CD-like	Absent	Prednisolone
Arnouk et al. [55], 2019	1	M 79	Pembrolizumab	1 week	NR	59	NR	Total	˃25/100	ICIs-CD	Absent	GFD
Badran et al. [33], 2020	6	M 44-73	NR	82.5 days	NR	121.21 ± 80.29	NR	Moderate-severe	25(±11)/ 100	ICIs-CD	Absent	GFD
Schoenfeld et al. [56], 2020	1	F 72	Pembrolizumab	Five cycles	NR	37	NR	NR	Increased	ICIs-CD	Absent	GFD
Sethi et al. [57], 2021	1	F 63	Pembrolizumab	Few months	NR	5/IgG	Neg	Total	Increased	ICIs-CD	Absent	GFD
Theodoraki et al. [58], 2021	1	M 51	Pembrolizumab	6 months	NR	Neg	Neg	Present	Present	CD-like	Lymphocytic colitis	GFD

ICIs-CD: celiac disease arising during therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors; NR: not reported; TTGA: tansglutaminase antibodies; EMA: antiendomysial antibodies; IELs: intraepithelial lymphocytes/100 enterocytes; CD: celiac disease; GI: gastrointestinal; GFD: gluten-free diet. Badran et al. [33] and Schoenfel et al. [56] reported 8 and 9 cases but only 6 and 1 cases, respectively, had histological diagnostic confirmation.