Table 3.

Clinical evidence on incorporating nature exposure and self-care modalities into therapeutic interior environments for people with depression.

Modality	Studies Supporting Interior Landscapes Integrating Biophilic Interventions and Self-Care
Exposure to nature	Exposure to outdoor nature can reduce depression [41,71] Green space view from a window can reduce risk of depression [118] Exposure to green spaces can affect mental health and well-being [119] Exposure to flowers can reduce depressive symptoms in fibromyalgia patients [44] Exposure to natural environments increases positive affect and decreases negative affect [120,121]
Lighting	Bright light therapy is effective for non-seasonal depression and bipolar depression [117,122,123] Bright light therapy is effective for people with seasonal affective disorder [124,125] Blue-wavelength light therapy can be effective in treating depression [126]
Music	Music reduces depressive symptoms [37,38]
Physical activity and yoga	Physical activity can reduce depressive symptoms [127,128,129] Yoga can reduce depressive symptoms [130]
Mindfulness meditation	Mindfulness meditation can improve depressive symptoms [131,132]
Breathing exercises	Breathing exercises reduce depressive symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder who did not respond to antidepressant medications [133] Breathing exercises can reduce depressive symptoms [134,135]
Aromatherapy	Aromatherapy can improve depressive symptoms [136]
Sleep hygiene	People with insomnia have a higher risk for developing depression [137] Altering circadian rhythms can be linked to major depression [138]
Nutrition	Supplementation with St John’s Wort has significant clinical efficacy in reducing depressive symptoms, including people living with major depressive disorder [139,140] Mediterranean diet is associated with a lower risk for depression [141]