Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Author(s) (Year)/Country [Ref] |
Sample Characteristics/Population | PA Related Aim | Sample Size, Age (SD) | PA Measurement | Sampling Timepoints | Central/Overall Results | Absolute Change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aegerter et al. (2021)/Switzerland [68] | Office workers from two Swiss organizations | (...) to quantify the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on PA levels among Swiss office workers | n = 76 (54 female); 42.7 ± 9.2 years | SR: IPAQ-SF | T0: January 2020 T1: April 2020 |
No sig. change in total PA, walking, MPA, VPA | descriptive study |
| Al-Musharaf et al. (2021)/Saudi Arabia [51] | Healthy female students or graduates of King Saud University (19–30 years) | (...) to assess lifestyle changes (a.o. PA) from before COVID-19 to during lockdown | n = 297 (female); 20.7 ± 1.4 years | SR: GPAQ | T0: February–April 2019 T1: April–May 2020 |
Total PA: − | Total PA: −126.7 MET-min/week |
| Alonso-Martinez et al. (2021)/Spain [69] | Preschoolers (4–6 years) from 3 schools in Pamplona | (...) to examine the effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on device-measured PA (...) | n = 268 (125 female); 4.28 ± 0.80 years | DB: GENEActiv (accelerometer) | T0: September–December 2019 T1: March–April 2020 |
Total PA and MVPA: − | Total PA: −43.3 min/day MVPA: −17.0 min/day |
| Baceviciene and Jankauskiene (2021)/Lithuania [70] | Lithuanian students from a previous, large study | (...) to assess the impact of COVID-19-related lockdown period on PA in university-aged Lithuanian students of both genders (...) | n = 230 (182 female); 23.9 ± 5.4 years | SR: LTQE | T0: October 2019 T1: 9 February 2021 |
Males’ leisure-time PA: − | Males: −20 points Females: −6.01 points |
| Barone Gibbset al. (2021)/USA [71] | Desk workers, ≥20 h of deskwork and <150 min MVPA per week | (...) to study the longitudinal impact of COVID-19 on lifestyle among desk workers during shelter-at-home restrictions | n = 112 (77 female); 45.4 ± 12.3 years | SR: Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire | T0: 2018–2019 T1: May–June 2020 |
No sig. change in MPA, VPA, MVPA | MPA: +20 min/week VPA: +/−0 MVPA: +15 min/week |
| Bartlett et al. (2021)/Australia [72] | Adults (>50 years) who engaged in a public health program targeting dementia risk reduction | (...) to examine longitudinal change on dementia risk factors in a sample of middle-aged and older Tasmanian residents | n = 1671 (female 1218); 63.4 ± 7.17 years | SR: min/week for walking, MPA, VPA, TPA | T0: October 2019 T1: April–June 2020 |
Total PA: + | Total PA: +300.06 min/week |
| Bronikowska et al. (2021)/Poland [73] | Randomly selected school class from six secondary schools from the urban area of the Wielkopolska region (Greater Poland) | (...) to compare PA levels before and during a pandemic lockdown among adolescent Polish youths (...) | n = 127 (66 female); 15.4 ± 0.5 years | SR: Physical Activity Screening Measure | T0: February 2020 T1: June 2020 |
MVPA WHO rec.: + (n = 13), − (n = 15) maintained not meeting (n = 84) maintained meeting (n = 15) |
+ MVPA WHO rec.: +2.8 days/week −MVPA WHO rec.: −2.4 days/week maintained not meeting rec.: −0.3 days/week maintained meeting rec.: +0.3 days/week |
| Buoite Stella et al. (2021)/Italia [74] | Healthy adults (>18 years) in Italy during the COVID-19 lockdown | (...) to investigate changes occurring in daily life and their effects on health during the COVID-19 lockdown (...) | n = 400 (277 female); 35 ± 15 years | SR: self-designed online-survey | T0: January 2020 T1: 23–29 March 2020 |
Step count: − | Ø −4990 steps/day |
| Chaffee et al. (2021)/USA [75] | Ninth- and tenth-grade students high schools in Northern California | (...) to compare adolescents’ PA behaviors before and after stay-at-home restrictions | n = 1006 (623 female); age not reported | SR: Single questionnaire item | T0: March 2019–February 2020 T1: September 2019–September 2020 |
Total PA: − | descriptive study |
| Chen et al. (2021)/Sweden [64] | 15-year-old adolescents in Sweden | (...) to investigate the impacts of COVID-19 on health behaviors | n = 584 (311 female); 15.5 ± 04 years | SR: Web questionnaire | T0: September 2015–June 2019 T1: February 2020–November 2020 |
PA 60 min/day (days/week): − Weekly duration of LTE: no changes |
PA 60 min/day (days/week): −0.2 days/week Weekly duration of LTE: no changes |
| Cheval et al. (2020)/Switzerland [76] | Participants living in France or Switzerland (76% French) | (...) to assess changes in PA during commuting and leisure during the COVID-19 lockdown (...) | n = 110 (76 female); 43 ± 9 years | SR: IPAQ | T1: 30 March 2020 T2: 13 April 2020 |
PA when commuting, VPA: − Walking, MPA: + |
PA when commuting: −16 min/day VPA: −6 min/day walking: +5 min/day MPA: +4 min/day |
| Curtis et al. (2021)/Australia [77] | Community-based sample of healthy adults from Adelaide, South Australia | (...) to examine changes in recreational PA before and during COVID-19 restrictions in a group of adults in Adelaide, Australia | n = 61 (40 female); 41.3 ± 5.8 years | SR: HABITATDB: Fitbit Charge 3 | T1: 10–23 February 2020 T2: 14–27 April 2020 |
LPA, swimming, team sports, boating/sailing: −MVPA: no changecycling: +PA with others in park, running, weights, exercise class, golf, tennis, yoga/pilates/tai chi/qigong, home-based exercise, water activities, PA with others on a beach: no sig. change | LPA: −50 min MVPA: no change; Cycling: +0.35 pt; Swimming: −0.64 pt; Team sports: −0.36 pt; Boating/sailing: −0.13 pt; PA with others in park: −0.32 pt; running: −0.28 pt; weights: −0.31 pt; exercise class: −0.13 pt; golf: −0.03 pt; tennis: +0.04 pt; yoga/pilates/tai chi/qigong: +0.05 pt; home-based exercise: +0.32 pt; water activities: −0.03 pt; PA with others on a beach: −0.11 pt |
| Di Sebastiano et al. (2021)/Canada [78] | Canadian users (≥18 years) PA tracking app (PAC app) | (...) to investigate changes in the PA of Canadians before and after restrictions in Canada, using data from the ParticipACTION app | n = 2338 (2109 female); age range: 18–65 years | DB: PAC app | T1: 10–16 February 2020 T2: 13–19 April 2020 |
MVPA, LPA, and steps: − | MVPA: −17.5 min/week LPA: −126.4 min/week steps: −5230 steps/week |
| Ding et al. (2021)/China [79] | Healthy participants (>18 years) from 11 workplaces in Shanghai, | (...) to determine the change in daily steps in response to the lockdown and reopening during the COVID-19 pandemic in China (...) | n = 815 (530 female); age range: 20–50+ years | SR: IPAQ-SF DB: WeRun via WeChat (accelerometer) |
T0: December 2019–23 January 2020 T1: 24 January–22 March 2020 |
Step count 1: − (24 January 2020) Step count 2: + (25 January–22 March 2020) |
step count 1: −3796 steps/day step count 2: +34 steps/day |
| Elnaggar et al. (2020)/Saudi Arabia [80] | Healthy adolescents (14–18 years) | (...) to document PA changes in adolescents living in Saudi Arabia | n = 63 (29 female); 15.54 ± 1.16 years | SR: PAQ-A | Not reported | PAL: − | PAL: −0.28 PAL |
| Esain et al. (2021)/Spain [81] | Community-dwelling adults (>65 years) from Getxo (Basque Country) | (...) to analyze the effect of social distancing measures on PA levels in Spanish older adults (...) | n = 58 (45 female); 76.24 ± 6 years | SR: MLTPAQ-SF | T0: October 2019 T1: June 2020 |
Total PA, walking, cleaning: − Exercising or dancing: + |
total PA: −2304.74 MET/week walking: −220.00 MET/week cleaning: −210.08 MET/week exercise/dancing: +109.21 MET/week |
| Folk et al. (2021)/USA [82] | Participants of the EAT 2010–2018 study, who attended middle and high schools in Minnesota in 2009/2010 | (...) to understand how PA changed during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic in a diverse sample of emerging adults in the US | n = 720 (447 female); 24.7 ± 2 years | SR: Godin-Shepherd Questionnaire | T0: 2018 T1: April–October 2020 |
Total PA, MVPA, mild PA: − | Total PA: −1.47 h/week MVPA: −0.93 h/week Mild PA: −0.52 h/week |
| Franco et al. (2021)/Spain [83] | Spanish office employees who participated in the 5th “Healthy Cities” challenge | (...) to analyze how PA among workers has been affected during confinement and whether certain covariates could have influenced the effect of the confinement on the PA among participants | n = 297 (148 female); 42.76 ± 7.79 years | SR: IPAQ-SF | T0: October 2019 T1: May 2020 |
Total PA and MPA: + VPA and walking: no change | Total PA: +463.71 METs MPA: +327.83 METs VPA: +44.32 METs walking: −91.58 METs |
| Gallego-Gomez et al. (2020)/Spain [84] | Nursing students from the Catholic University of Murcia (Spain) | (...) to identify how PE affected the level of stress of Nursing students before and during the lockdown | n = 138 (108 female); 20 years (no SD provided) | SR: Single questionnaire item | T0: 3 February 2020 T1: 24 March 2020 T2: 24 April 2020 |
PE and median hours of PE: + | Practice of PE: +26 students Median hours of PE/week: +2 h/week |
| Gilic et al. (2020)/Bosnia and Herzegovina [85] | Adolescents from three counties in B&H attending High school | (...) to evaluate the dynamics of changes in PAL among adolescents from Bosnia and Herzegovina before and during the imposed lockdown | n = 688 (322 female); age range: 15–18 years | SR: PAQ-A | T0: 6–12 January 2020 T1: 20–26 April 2020 |
PAL: − | PAL: −0.67 PAL |
| Gilic et al. (2021)/Bosnia and Herzegovina [86] | Healthy high school students (<18 years) from 4 counties in B&H | (...) to examine the influence during the COVID-19 pandemic among adolescents from Bosnia and Herzegovina on PALs | n = 661 (292 female); age range: 15–18 years | SR: PAQ-A | T0: 6–12 January 2020 T1: 20–26 April 2020 |
PAL (BL): 48% had sufficient PAL PAL (FU): 24% had sufficient PAL |
descriptive study |
| Giuntella et al. (2021)/USA [87] | Students from the University of Pittsburgh | (...) to examine how PA has evolved during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic levels and to prior cohorts | n = 217 (163 female); 19.22 ± 1.53 years | DB: Fitbit Alta HR | T0: February 2020 T1: April 2020 |
Step count: − Active hours: − |
Step count: −5400 steps/day Active hours: −1.5 h/day |
| He et al. (2020)/China [88] | Adults from any province of China except Hubei Province (epicenter of the outbreak) | (...) to study the relationships between body weight changes with changes in PA and lifestyle during quarantine | n = 339 (181 female); males: 36.4 ± 11.9 years; female: 37.6 ± 12.4 years | DB: Smartphone health software | T0: 23 December 2019–26 January 2020 T1: 27 January–1 March 2020 |
Step count: − MVPA: − |
male steps: −4593 steps male MVPA: −11.8 min/day female steps: −3297 steps female MVPA: −8.6 min/day |
| Hino et al. (2021)/Japan [66] | Participants (≥18 years) of the YWPP | (...) to analyze the fluctuation of the step counts of citizens in Yokohama city, Japan, in the first half of 2020 compared to the previous year | n = 18,817 (9083 female); 53.9 ± 7.7 years | DB: Omron HJ-326F (pedometer) | Week 2–26 in 2019 and 2020 T0: Week 15–21, 2019 T1: Week 15–21, 2020 |
Step count year-on-year ratio: − | descriptive study |
| Koohsari et al. (2021a)/Japan [89] | Company workers (20–59 years) | (...) to examine the changes in PA of company workers during the COVID-19 outbreak in Japan (...) | n = 2466 (1212 female); 39.6 ± 10.7 years | SR: GPAQ | T0: February 2019 T1: July 2020 |
Total PA, VLPA: − VWPA, MWPA, TPA, MLPA: no sig. change |
VWPA: −0.02 h/day MWPA: −0.05 h/day TPA: −0.04 h/day VLPA: −0.05 h/day MLPA: −0.04 h/day Total PA: −0.20 h/day |
| Martinez-de-Quel et al. (2020)/Spain [90] | Students (>18 years); at University Madrid, Léon, Vigo, or University Isabel I or others | (...) to show the impact that the lockdown period had on the PA levels to a sample of Spanish individuals due to COVID-19 | n = 161 (60 female); 35 ± 11.2 years | SR: MLTPAQ | T0: 16–31 March 2020 T1: 30 April and 11 May 2020 |
Total PA: − | Total PA: - 3462.2 MET min/Week |
| McCarthy et al. (2021)/United Kingdom [58] | Individuals (≥14 years) in the UK registered with BetterPoints (free, publicly available, smartphone-based program) | (...) to explore patterns of tracked activity in the UK before, during, and after the COVID-19 restrictions and to explore variations by demographic characteristics | n = 5395 (3274 female); 41.02 ± 12.2 years | DB: BetterPoints smartphone app | T0: 22 January 2020 T1: 11 March 2020 T1.1: 18 March 2020 T1.2: 25 March 2020 T1.3: 13 May 2020 T2: 17 June 2020 |
Total PA: − | Total PA (BL to T1): −30 min/week Total PA (BL to T2): −67 min/week Total PA (BL to T3): −95 min/week Total PA (BL to T4): −69 min/week Total PA (BL to T5): −71 min/week |
| Medrano et al. (2020)/Spain [91] | Cohort of children of the MUGI project in Navarra (8–16 years) | (...) to examine the effects of the COVID-19 confinement on lifestyle behaviors in a cohort of Spanish children (...) | n = 113 (55 female); 12.0 ± 2.6 years | SR: YAP | T0: September–December 2019 T1: March–April 2020 |
Total PA: − | Total PA: −91 min/day |
| Mishra et al. (2021)/USA [55] | Community-dwelling older adults (≥75 years) or aged 65 years older with a high risk of falling | (...) to examine changes from pre- to post-pandemic in mobility performance, including walking characteristics (...) | n = 10 (4 female); 77.3 ± 1.9 years | DB: PAMSys (pendant sensor) | Not reported | daily walking duration and step count: − LPA and MVPA: no change |
walking duration: −52.2% Step count: −3256 steps/day LPA: −0.3 min/day MVPA: −3.7 min/day |
| Miyahara et al. (2021)/Japan [92] | Elderly people residing in Asakita Ward, Hiroshima City | (...) to elucidate how much self-restraint from activity by the elderly with diseases reduces PA | n = 13 (11 female); 77.5 ± 3.5 years | DB: HJA-750C OMRON (accelerometer) | T0: October 2019 T1: April 2020 |
Steps, AT, MPA, MLAPA, LPA, LWAPA, LLAPA, total PA: − Walking, LA, MWAPA: no change |
Steps: −2236, 1 steps/d; AT: −98.4 min/d; MPA: −1.8 METs h/d; MLAPA: −1.3 METs h/d; LPA: −2.4 METs h/d; LWAPA: −0.3 METs h/d; LLAPA: −2.1 METs h/d; Total PA: −4.2 METs h/d; Walking: −0.1 METs; LA: no change; MWAPA: −0.5 METs h/d |
| Munasinghe et al. (2020)/Australia [63] | Young people from the general population (13–19 years) of Western Sydney | (...) to investigate whether the physical distancing policies were associated with changes in PA in the state of New South Wales (Australia) | n = 582 (465 female); median age: 17 years | SR: PACE + Adolescent PA Measures DB: Smartphone sensors |
T0: 8 November 2019–23 March 2020 T1: 24 March–19 April 2020 |
Total PA: − Step count: − MBAR: − |
descriptive study |
| Nigg et al. (2021)/Germany [93] | Children and adolescents (4–17 years) living in Germany | (...) to investigate whether participants living in areas with higher population density demonstrate less positive PA changes | n = 1711 (852 female); 11.34 ± 4.06 years | SR: MoMo-PAQ | T0: August 2018–March 2020 T1: 20 April–1 May 2020 |
Active days/week, daily life PA: + sports-related PA: − |
Active days: +0.47 days/week Sport-related PA: −68.33 min/week Daily life PA: +37.74 min/day |
| Nyström et al. (2020)/Sweden [57] | Preschoolers (3–5 years) from Stockholm County and County of Östergötland | (...) to assess how movement behaviors have been affected in Swedish preschool children during the COVID-19 pandemic | n = 100 (42 female); 4.0 ± 0.5 years | SR: Self-developed questionnaire DB: ActiGraph |
T0: March–May 2019 T1: May–June 2020 |
Total PA, time spent outside weekdays and weekends: + | Total PA: +53 min/day Time spent outside (weekdays): +124 min/day Time spent outside (weekend): +68 min/day |
| Obuchi et al. (2021)/Japan [94] | Subscribers to a life insurance plan from a private insurance service in Japan | (...) to determine the effects of self-restraints on daily walking parameters | n = 3901 (2969 female); 60.3 ± 28.9 years | DB: Smartphone application | T0: 2 March–15 June 2019 T1: 2 March–15 June 2020 |
Step count: − | steps: −1000 steps/week |
| Okely et al. (2021)/14 countries [50] | Children (3–5 years) of the SUNRISE study | (...) to examine how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced PA among preschoolers (...) | n = 948 (466 female); 5.2 ± 0.6 years | SR: Parent/Caregiver survey | T0: April 2019–March 2020 T1: May–June 2020, |
No significant changes | Total PA: +17 min/day MVPA: −5 min/day |
| Okely et al. (2020)/United Kingdom [95] | Participants rom the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936) study, all born in 1936 | (...) to examine changes in PA among older people during COVID-19 lockdown, and if participant characteristics were related to more positive or negative changes during the lockdown | n = 137 (66 female); 84 years | SR: Single questionnaire item | T0: 2017–2019 T1: 27 May 2020 |
Total PA: − Minimal PA: + |
descriptive study |
| Ong et al. (2020)/Singapore [96] | Young adults (21–40 years) working in the Central Business District in Singapore | (...) to characterize how COVID-19-associated mobility restrictions shifted PA patterns from previously established baselines | n = 1824 (941 female); 30.94 ± 4.62 years | DB: Fitbit API | T0: 2–22 January 2020 T1: 17 March–6 April 2020 T2: 7–27 April 2020 |
Step count and MVPA: − | Steps WD (T0–T1): −1548 steps Steps WE (T0–T1): −1569 steps MVPA WD (T0–T1): −4.1 min MVPA WE (T0–T1): −4.9 min Steps WD (T0–T2): −4060 steps Steps WE (T0–T2): −3560 steps MVPA WD (T0–T2): −13.2 min MVPA WE (T0–T2): −13.7 min |
| Park et al. (2021)/South Korea [97] | Adults (>18 years) in South Korea | (...) to investigate the changes in health-related behaviors and outcomes pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19 (...) | n = 834 (380 female); 23.7 ± 6.0 years | DB: Data from smartphone health app | T0: January 2019–February 2020 and May 2020 T1: June, July, & October 2020 T2: March, April, & August 2020 T3: September 2020 |
Step count: − | Step count: −935 steps (mean decrease) T0–T1: −539 steps T0–T2: −1131 steps T0–T3: −1136 steps |
| Perez et al. (2021)/Spain [98] | Nondisabled frail older adults from the +ÀGIL Barcelona project | (...) to describe PA changes due to mobility restrictions in community-dwelling, frail older persons from Barcelona, who had not been diagnosed with COVID-19 | n = 98 (65 female); 82.4 ± 6.1 years | SR: BPAAT | T0: May 2019 T1: May 2020 |
Total PA: − sufficient PA: − |
Total PA: −1.1/8 points sufficient PA: −32.2% |
| Riberiro de Lima et al. (2021)/Brazil [52] | Physically inactive females (50–70 years) | (...) to analyze the effects of this pandemic period on PA in women aged 50 to 70 years | n = 34 (female); 58.5 ± 6.0 years | SR: MBQO | T0: January–February 2020 T1: June–July 2020 |
Domestic PA, free time PA: − Sports PA, total PA (MBQO score): no sig. changes |
Domestic PA: −5.8% Free time PA: −83.2% Sports PA: −7.1% Total MBQO score: −19.9% |
| Richardson et al. (2020)/United Kingdom [99] | Older adults (≥70 years) recruited throughout the UK by self-selection, through online advertisements | (...) to examine the impact that COVID-19 measures in the UK, had on individuals aged 70 and over in terms of their PA levels | n = 117 (65 female); 75 ± 4 years | SR: IPAQ-E | T0: 11 March–28 March T1: 4 April T2: 18 April T3: 2 May |
Total PA: no sig. change | T0–T1: +87 MET-minutes T0–T2: +185 MET-minutes T0–T3: +109 MET-minutes |
| Romero-Blanco et al. (2020)/Spain [100] | First- to fourth-year health sciences students | (...) to analyze the PA university students did before and during the lockdown and to look at changes resulting from sociodemographic characteristics | n = 213 (172 female); 20.5 ± 4.56 years | SR: IPAQ-SF | T0: 15–30 January 2020 T1: 1–15 April 2020 |
Days of VPA and MPA, total minutes of PA: + | Days of VPA: +1.21 days Days of MPA: +1.41 days Total minutes of PA: +159.87 min/week |
| Sanudo et al. (2020)/Spain [101] | College students from different schools in Seville | (...) to determine to what extent PA changed during the COVID-19 lockdown | n = 20 (9 female); 22.6 ± 3.4 years | SR: IPAQ DB: Xiaomi Mi Band 2 (accelerometer) |
T0: February 2020 T1: 24 March–3 April 2020 |
walking time, MPA, VPA, MVPA, step count: − | walking time: −335 min/week MPA: −263 min/week VPA: −188 min/week MVPA: −451 min/week Step count: −5771 steps/day |
| Savage et al. (2021)/United Kingdom [102] | University students in the UK | (...) to investigate the changes in PA in university students from before to after the COVID-19 pandemic | n = 255 (193 female); 18.97 years (no SD provided) | SR: EVS | T0: 14 October–4 November 2019 T1: 19 October–1 November 2020 |
MVPA: − | MVPA: −50 min/week |
| Savage et al. (2020)/United Kingdom [103] | Students of a UK University who were part of the Student Health Study | (...) to investigate changes in PA in UK university students before, in week one, and five weeks into the lockdown (...) | n = 214 (154 female); 20.0 years (no SD provided) | SR: EVS | T0: October 2019 T1: January 2020 T2: March 2020 T3: April 2020 |
MVPA: − | MVPA: −30 min/week |
| Schmidt et al. (2020)/Germany [104] | Children and adolescents (4–17 years) living in Germany | (...) to investigate how PA in children and adolescents in Germany changed from before to during the COVID-19 lockdown | n = 1711 (852 female); 11.34 ± 4.06 years | SR: MoMo-PAQ | T0: August 2018–March 2020 T1: 20 April–1 May 2020 |
Days active, adherence to the WHO PA guidelines, nonorganized sports, playing outside, gardening, housework, total HA: + Organized sports, total amount of sports: − walking and cycling: no sig. change |
days active: +0.44 days/week adherence to PA guidelines: descriptive organized sports: −28.5 min/day nonorganized sports: +17.7 min/day total amount of sports: −10.8 min/day playing outside: +21.4 min/day walking and cycling: +1.8 min/day gardening: +6.7 min/day housework: +4.0 min/day total amount of HA: +36.2 min/day |
| Sekulic et al. (2020)/Croatia [105] | Adolescents attending high school from Split, Dalmatia County | (...) to evaluate the level of changes in PALs among adolescents from southern Croatia (...) | n = 388 (126 female); 16.4 ± 1.9 years | SR: PAQ-A | T0: February 2020 T1: 5–10 April 2020 |
PAL: − | PAL: −0.32 |
| Suzuki et al. (2020)/Japan [65] | Randomly selected patients (>65 years) from the patient database of a rehabilitation hospital in Kure city, | (...) to understand the impact of public health restrictions on community-dwelling older adults concerning the changes in PA (...) | n = 165 (115 female) 78.6 ± 8.0 years | SR: PAQ-EJ | T0: 20 March–15 April 2020 T1: 16 April–13 May 2020 |
less active group: transportation, light exercise/sports activity, moderate/strenuous exercise/sports, light housework, moderate/heavy housework, total PA: − resistance exercise/sports, labor: no change more active group: light exercise/sports activity, light housework, moderate/heavy housework, total PA: + transportation, moderate/ strenuous exercise/ sports, resistance exercise/sports, labor: no change |
less active group: transportation: −3.0 MET h/week light exercise/sports: −6.0 MET h/week moderate/strenuous exercise/sports: −4.1 MET h/week light housework: −4.7 MET h/week moderate/heavy housework: −2.4 MET h/week total PA: −23 MET h/week more active group: light exercise/sports activity: +2.9 MET h/week light housework: +3.7 MET h/week moderate/heavy housework: + 6.9 MET h/week total PA: +24.7 MET h/week |
| To et al. (2021)/Australia [56] | Registered members of the 10,000 Steps program | (...) to investigate changes in PA reported through the 10,000 Steps program during the COVID-19 pandemic | n = 60,560 (40,583 female); age range: 18–45 years | SR: manually registered steps DB: steps automatically synced from activity trackers |
Ongoing between 1 January 2018, and 30 June 2020 T1: 1 December 2019 T2: 25 January 2020 T3: 5 February 2020 T4: 2 March 2020 T5: 8 May 2020 |
Step count (T1, Ø of 30 d; T2, Ø of 7 d; T3, Ø of 7 d; T4, Ø of 7 d, Ø of 30 d): − Step count (T5, Ø of 7 d; T5, Ø of 30 d): + No change: T1, Ø of 7 d; T2, Ø of 30 d; T3, Ø of 30 d |
T1: steps: −99 steps (Ø of 7 d); −174 steps (Ø of 30 d) T2: steps: −144 steps (Ø of 7 d); −39 steps (Ø of 30 d) T3: steps: −69 steps (Ø of 7 d); +13 steps (Ø of 30 d) T4: steps: −325 steps (Ø of 7 d); −485 steps (Ø of 30 d) T5: steps: +130 steps (Ø of 7 d); +356 steps (Ø of 30 d) |
| Wang et al. (2020)/China [106] | Participants (≥40 years) from Step Study 2018 in Changsha, China | (...) to determine if there was any change in daily steps and examine risk factors for frequent low daily steps during the COVID-19 epidemic | n = 3544 (1226 female); 51.6 ± 8.9 years | DB: Accelerometer sensor in the smartphone via WeChat | T0: 22 December 2019–20 January 2020 T1: 22 January–20 February 2020 |
Step count: − | Step count: −2657 steps/d |
| Wilson et al. (2021)/USA [107] | Undergraduates enrolled in general health and wellness classes | (...) to examine the impact that COVID-19 had on PA among college students by comparing temporal changes in PA over the course of the US spring academic semester | n = 187 (128 female); 20.9 ± 1.5 years | SR: GPAQ | T0: January 2020 T1: April 2020 |
MPA, VPA, MET, active travel, strength training: − | male: MPA: −60 min/week VPA: −75.7 min/week MET: 845.7 min/week AT: −174 min/week ST: −0.6 days/week female:MPA: −52.7 min/week VPA: −18.8 min/weekv MET: 361.1 min/week AT: −266.7 min/week ST: −0.1 days/week |
| Woodruff et al. (2021)/Canada [108] | Participants (≥18 years) who regularly wear activity trackers | (...) to investigate how PA changed within the first month of the COVID-19 pandemic | n = 121 (96 female); 36.2 ± 13.12 years | SR: Data from wearable activity tracker filled into a calendar | T0 and T1 were determined for each participant individually (M T1 = 16 March 2020, SD = 4.7 days, range = 13–31 days). | Step count: − | steps: −1012 steps/day |
| Wunsch et al. (2021)/Germany [109] | Children and adolescents (4–17 years) living in Germany | (...) to examine the direct influence of the COVID-19 lockdown on PA in a nationwide child and adolescent sample in Germany | n = 1711 (961 female); 10.36 ± 4.04 years | SR: MoMo-PAQ | T0: August 2018–March 2020 T1: April 2020 |
days/week with at least 60 min of PA (4–10-year-olds, 11–17-year-old girls): + 11–17-year-old boys: no change |
days/week with at least 60 min of PA: 4–10-year-old boys: +0.65 days/week 11–17-year-old boys: +0.18 days/week 4–10-year-old girls: +0.65 days/week 11–17-year-old girls: +0.41 days/week |
| Yang and Koenigstorfer (2020)/USA [110] | Healthy U.S. residents (18–65 years) | (...) to investigate the change in PA during the Covid-19-caused lockdown with a focus on PA app use and the features of these apps | n = 431 (211 female); 39.1 ± 10.6 years | SR: IPAQ-SF | T0: 12 March–17 March 2020 T1: 4 weeks after restrictions implemented, different in states; Ø: 43.7 (±4.7) days |
MPA, VPA, active PA, PA MET: − walking: no sig. change |
MPA: −10.4 min/day VPA: −8.5 min/day active PA: −23.4 min/day PA MET: −605.1 MET min/week walking: −4.5 min/day |
| Zenic et al. (2020)/Croatia [53] | Adolescents attending high school from Split-Dalmatia County | (...) to explore the changes in PALs that occurred because of COVID-19 and social distancing measures in adolescents from Croatia (...) | n = 823 (no gender provided); 16.5 ± 2.1 years | SR: PAQ-A | T0: 1–10 March 2020 T1: 5–10 April 2020 |
PAL: − | PAL: −0.34 |
| Zheng et al. (2020)/China [54] | No information provided | (...) to investigate PA levels in Hong Kong young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and the changes after the COVID-19 outbreak | n = 70 young adults; age not reported | SR: IPAQ | T0: 2019 T1: not provided |
MPA, VPA, walking: − | MPA: −5.7 min/day VPA: −3.5 min/day walking: −19.9 min/day |
| Znazen et al. (2021)/Saudi Arabia [111] | Saudi Arabian university students (18–22 years) | (...) to determine the impact of COVID-19-induced home confinement on lifestyle behaviors | n = 144 (90 female); 19.3 ± 1.8 years | SR: SLIQ | T0 & T1: Before and during 75 days of confinement (not specified when) | Total PA: − | Total PA: −3.08 points (activity raw score) |
Note: Instruments: BPAAT: Brief Physical Activity Assessment Tool; EVS: Exercise Vital Sign Questionnaire; GPAQ: Global Physical Activity Questionnaire; IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire; IPAQ-E: International Physical Activity Questionnaire for the Elderly; IPAQ-SF: International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form; LTQE: Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire; MBQO: Modified Baecke Questionnaire for Older Adults; MLTPAQ: Minnesota Leisure Time PA Questionnaire; MLTPAQ-SF: Minnesota Leisure Time PA Questionnaire Short Form; MoMo-PAQ: MoMo Physical Activity Questionnaire; PAC app: ParticipACTION app; PAQ-A: Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents; PAQ-EJ: Physical Activity Questionnaire for Elderly Japanese; SLIQ: Simple Lifestyle Indicator Questionnaire; YAP: Youth Activity Profile Questionnaire; YWPP: Yokohama Walking Point Program.; Results: AT: activity time; HA: forms of habitual PA besides sports; LA: living activity; LLAPA: light intensity living activity physical activity; LPA: light physical activity; LTE: Leisure-Time Exercise; LWAPA: light intensity walking activity physical activity; MBAR: motion-based activity recognition; MET: metabolic equivalent; MLAPA: moderate intensity living activity physical activity; MLPA: moderate leisure-related physical activity; MPA: moderate physical activity; MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity; MWPA: moderate work-related physical activity; MWAPA: moderate intensity walking activity physical activity PA: physical activity; PAL(s): physical activity level(s); PE: Physical Exercise; TPA: transport-related physical activity; VLPA: vigorous leisure-related physical activity; VPA: vigorous physical activity; VWPA: vigorous work-related physical activity; pt = points; time points: T0: baseline measurement; Tn: follow up measurement(s).