Table 4.
The effect size of predictor and covariates.
| Standardized Beta Coefficient (ß) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sport Specialization | Sex | Concussion History |
LD | ADHD | African American vs. Caucasian | Other Race vs. Caucasian | |
| Outcome measure | |||||||
| SAC | 0.042 * | −0.52 * | - | −0.076 * | - | −0.110 *,† | - |
| BESS | - | 0.087 * | - | - | - | - | −0.029 |
| BSI-18 Score | |||||||
| GSI | 0.057 * | −0.110 *,† | 0.056 * | 0.027 | 0.024 | - | - |
| Somatization | 0.067 * | −0.093 * | 0.064 * | - | - | - | - |
| Depression | 0.029 | −0.067 * | 0.039 | 0.032 | 0.026 | - | - |
| Anxiety | 0.049 * | −0.119 *,† | 0.041 | 0.024 | 0.036 | −0.048 * | - |
| ImPACT composite Score | |||||||
| Verbal memory | - | −0.053 * | 0.033 | −0.050 * | −0.066 * | −0.092 * | - |
| Visual memory | 0.056 * | 0.077 * | - | −0.040 | −0.033 | −0.087 * | - |
| Visual motor speed | 0.075 * | −0.031 | 0.038 | −0.113 *,† | −0.027 | −0.134 *,† | 0.027 |
| Reaction time | −0.094 * | - | −0.38 | 0.045 * | 0.039 | 0.163 *,† | - |
The predictor was sport specialization (MA vs. SA). Covariates included sex (male vs. female), previous concussion history (yes vs. no), learning disorders (yes vs. no), ADHD (yes vs. no), and race/ethnicity (Caucasian/non-Hispanic, African American, other race/ethnicity). Standardized beta coefficients (ß): 0.10 = small effect size, 0.30 = medium effect size, and 0.50 = large effect size. * p < 0.001. † Beta coefficients with small effect size. Bootstrap results are based on 1000 bootstrap samples. Abbreviations: LD, learning disorders; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; SAC, standardized assessment of concussion total score; BESS, balance error scoring system total score; BSI-18, Brief Symptom Inventory 18; GSI, global severity index; ImPACT, Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing.