Table 3.
Linear regression results for urinary metals (log-transformed) in association with each cognitive function score, adjusted for sociodemographic, behavior, and clinical characteristics 1.
| CERAD Immediate Recall | CERAD Delayed Recall | Digit Symbol Substitution | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | p Value | β (95% CI) | p Value | β (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Total Arsenic, µg/L (n = 1141) | 0.02 (−0.22, 0.64) | 0.86 | −0.06 (−0.18, 0.06) | 0.35 | 0.27 (−0.47, 1.00) | 0.48 |
| Arsenous Acid, µg/L (n = 462) | −0.42 (−1.20, 0.37) | 0.30 | −0.10 (−0.49, 0.29) | 0.61 | 2.19 (−0.29, 4.68) | 0.08 |
| Arsenobetaine, µg/L (n = 649) | 0.09 (−0.20, 0.37) | 0.56 | −0.02 (−0.16, 0.12) | 0.83 | 0.84 (−0.03, 1.72) | 0.06 |
| Arsenocholine, µg/L (n = 133) | 0.37 (−0.57, 1.30) | 0.44 | 0.07 (−0.35, 0.50) | 0.74 | −0.02 (−2.69, 2.65) | 0.99 |
| Dimethylarsinic Acid, µg/L (n = 907) | −0.20 (−0.65, 0.25) | 0.39 | −0.23 (−0.46, −0.01) | 0.04 | −1.31 (−2.69, 0.07) | 0.06 |
| Monomethylarsonic Acid, µg/L (n = 541) | −0.90 (−1.48, −0.33) | <0.01 | −0.37 (−0.66, −0.08) | 0.01 | −0.48 (−2.21, 1.25) | 0.59 |
| Barium, µg/L (n = 1096) | −0.06 (−0.34, 0.22) | 0.68 | −0.03 (−0.17, 0.11) | 0.72 | 0.50 (−0.36, 1.36) | 0.25 |
| Cadmium, µg/L (n = 1064) | −0.31 (−0.63, 0.001) | 0.05 | −0.06 (−0.22, 0.10) | 0.46 | −1.42 (−2.38, −0.46) | <0.01 |
| Cobalt, µg/L (n = 1100) | 0.11 (−0.23, 0.45) | 0.52 | 0.06 (−0.11, 0.22) | 0.52 | 0.26 (−0.76, 1.27) | 0.62 |
| Cesium, µg/L (n = 1103) | 0.05 (−0.36, 0.46) | 0.82 | −0.005 (−0.21, 0.20) | 0.97 | −0.27 (−1.52, 1.00) | 0.68 |
| Molybdenum, µg/L (n = 1103) | −0.13 (−0.44, 0.18) | 0.41 | −0.06 (−0.21, 0.10) | 0.47 | −0.06 (−1.01, 0.88) | 0.89 |
| Manganese, µg/L (n = 531) | 0.06 (−0.64, 0.77) | 0.86 | −0.01 (−0.37, 0.35) | 0.96 | 0.35 (−1.84, 2.55) | 0.75 |
| Lead, µg/dL (n = 1093) | −0.26 (−0.58, 0.06) | 0.12 | −0.03 (−0.19, 0.13) | 0.71 | −1.03 (−2.01, −0.06) | 0.04 |
| Antimony, µg/L (n = 725) | −0.56 (−1.13, 0.01) | 0.06 | −0.27 (−0.56, 0.03) | 0.08 | −1.30 (−3.10, 0.50) | 0.16 |
| Tin, µg/L (n = 1022) | −0.16 (−0.41, 0.08) | 0.20 | −0.08 (−0.20, 0.05) | 0.22 | −0.68 (−1.44, 0.08) | 0.08 |
| Strontium, µg/L (n = 1099) | 0.05 (−0.32, 0.41) | 0.81 | 0.08 (−0.10, 0.26) | 0.39 | 0.70 (−0.42, 1.82) | 0.22 |
| Thallium, µg/L (n = 1092) | 0.12 (−0.30, 0.54) | 0.58 | 0.09 (−0.12, 0.30) | 0.38 | 0.49 (−0.79, 1.77) | 0.45 |
| Tungsten, µg/L (n = 888) | −0.38 (−0.75, −0.01) | 0.04 | −0.19 (−0.38, −0.004) | 0.05 | −0.47 (−1.62, 0.68) | 0.42 |
| Uranium, µg/L (n = 864) | −0.11 (−0.49, 0.26) | 0.55 | −0.12 (−0.31, 0.07) | 0.22 | 0.34 (−1.11, 1.45) | 0.55 |
1 Models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education levels, depression, diabetes, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption.