Table 2.

Associations of time spent using technology with academic performance and school connectedness among adolescent females and males.

	Academic Performance				School Connectedness
	Females (n = 2802)		Males (n = 2035)		Females (n = 2802)		Males (n = 2035)
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Model 1
Technology use
2 h or less	1		1		1		1
3 to 4 h	0.71	0.52 – 0.95	1.09	0.85–1.40	1.00	0.82–1.23	1.10	0.85–1.43
5 h or more	0.44	0.33–0.59	0.67	0.51–0.89	0.70	0.56–0.88	0.64	0.50–0.82
Model 2
Technology use
2 h or less	1		1		1		1
3 to 4 h	0.69	0.52–0.91	1.13	0.88–1.45	1.00	0.81–1.23	1.11	0.85–1.45
5 h or more	0.46	0.34–0.61	0.73	0.55–0.98	0.75	0.60–0.93	0.72	0.56–0.92

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. Model 1: unadjusted. Model 2: adjusted for age, ethnoracial background, subjective socioeconomic status, tobacco cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and cannabis use. Bold values indicate statistical significance at p < 0.05.