Table 4.

Associations of moderate-to-high symptoms of problem technology use with school connectedness among adolescent females and males.

	Females (n = 2802)		Males (n = 2035)
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Model 1
Stayed on devices longer than intended	0.91	0.83–1.00	0.88	0.81–0.96
Neglected homework because spending more time on devices	0.84	0.76–0.94	0.78	0.69–0.87
Criticized by parents/friends about time spent on electronic devices	0.90	0.84–0.97	0.86	0.79–0.92
Lose sleep because you use devices late at night	0.87	0.82–0.93	0.92	0.84–1.01
Felt nervous when not using devices and felt relieved when using them	0.85	0.79–0.92	0.79	0.70–0.88
Choose to spend more time on electronic devices rather than go out with friends	0.70	0.63–0.77	0.70	0.63–0.77
Total score	0.94	0.92–0.96	0.93	0.91–0.95
Moderate-to-high symptoms of problem technology use
No	1		1
Yes	0.61	0.50 – 0.74	0.59	0.45–0.77
Model 2
Stayed on devices longer than intended	0.93	0.84–1.02	0.93	0.85–1.02
Neglected homework because spending more time on devices	0.87	0.78–0.97	0.81	0.73–0.89
Criticized by parents/friends about time spent on electronic devices	0.89	0.83–0.96	0.88	0.81–0.96
Lose sleep because you use devices late at night	0.90	0.85–0.96	0.97	0.89–1.06
Felt nervous when not using devices and felt relieved when using them	0.87	0.81–0.94	0.83	0.74–0.93
Choose to spend more time on electronic devices rather than go out with friends	0.72	0.65–0.79	0.72	0.65–0.79
Total score	0.95	0.93–0.97	0.94	0.92–0.96
Moderate-to-high symptoms of problem technology use
No	1		1
Yes	0.63	0.51–0.78	0.65	0.50–0.86

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. Model 1: unadjusted. Model 2: adjusted for age, ethnoracial background, subjective socioeconomic status, tobacco cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and cannabis use. Bold values indicate statistical significance at p < 0.05.