Table 2.

Comparisons between experimental and control groups on pain intensity during the stages of labor.

	Experimental Group (n = 44) M (SD)	Control Group (n = 44) M (SD)	t	95% CI	d
Latent phase	5.70 (1.42)	7.44 (1.33)	−2.75 *	−3.08, −0.41	1.26
Early active phase	6.50 (1.27)	8.44 (1.42)	−3.15 **	−3.25, −0.64	1.44
Late active phase	8.00 (1.56)	9.33 (1.12)	−2.11 *	−2.66, −0.01	0.98

Notes: M = mean; SD = standard deviation; t = Student’s t-test; CI = confidence intervals; d = Cohen’s d. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.