Table 5.

Etiological hypotheses of Wire Syndrome (WS).

Practitioner-Related Etiologies [1,2,4,5,10,11,12,16,18,20,21,22]

- Insufficient passivity

- Wire iatrogenic deformation during bonding

Wire-related etiologies [1,2,4,5,10,11,12,14,16,18,19,20,21,22,24]

- Wire deformation (chewing force or hard foods, traumatic application after dental floss, other harmful habits, or by parafunctions such as onychophagia)

- Modification or instability of the mechanical properties of wires: Wire fatigue, wire activation, and “despiralization” of the wire strands

- Adhesive failure at the adhesive/wire interface with the application of an external force

- Undetected wire debonded

- Fracture of the wire (remaining bonded to one or more teeth)

Patient-related etiologies [18,19]

- Physiological changes