Table 1.

Pre- and post-test of the intervention balance performances (errors)-BESS.

Tests	Types of Surfaces	Group	Phase of Test	X ± SD	DX	95% CI Lower	95% CI Upper	t	p	d
Single-leg stance	On firm surface	Control	Pre-test	0.911 ± 0.592	0.16	−0.006	0.181	0.235	0.157	0.258
			Post-test	0.752 ± 0.637
		Experiment	Pre-test	1.084 ± 1.144	0.68	−0.024	0.212	0.102	0.006	0.731
			Post-test	0.406 ± 0.642
	On foam surface	Control	Pre-test	3.582 ± 1.264	0.281	−0.137	0.462	0.712	0.218	0.273
			Post-test	3.251 ± 1.152
		Experiment	Pre-test	3.665 ±2.938	1.904	−1.193	2.782	0.587	0.002	0.713
			Post-test	1.561 ± 2.956
Double-leg stance	On firm surface	Control	Pre-test	0.413 ± 0.076	0.011	−0.005	0.324	0.326	0.282	0.179
			Post-test	0.402 ± 0.042
		Experiment	Pre-test	0.466 ± 0.428	0.264	−0.172	0.486	0.117	0.000	0.670
			Post-test	0.202 ± 0.356
	On foam surface	Control	Pre-test	2.325 ± 0.987	0.112	−0.092	0.723	0.825	0.006	0.122
			Post-test	2.213 ± 0.839
		Experiment	Pre-test	2.427 ± 1.942	1.288	−0.231	2.298	0.246	0.000	0.696
			Post-test	1.139 ± 0.251
Tandem stance	On firm surface	Control	Pre-test	1.082 ± 0.286	0.101	−0.068	0.186	0.214	0.072	0.211
			Post-test	0.981 ± 0.451
		Experiment	Pre-test	1.167 ± 0.938	0.284	−0.108	0.492	0.081	0.000	0.752
			Post-test	0.451 ± 0.965
	On foam surface	Control	Pre-test	1.037 ± 0.301	0.066	−0.351	0.226	0.357	0.196	0.208
			Post-test	0.971 ± 0.331
		Experiment	Pre-test	1.389 ± 1.499	0.778	−0.405	0.926	0.127	0.000	0.617
			Post-test	0.611 ± 0.965
Total BESS score	Both surfaces (firm + foam)	Control	Pre-test	9.350 ± 2.114	0.780	−0.506	1.158	0.475	0.246	0.380
			Post-test	8.570 ± 1.987
		Experiment	Pre-test	10.198 ± 8.987	5.828	−4.372	6.316	0.102	0.000	0.705
			Post-test	4.370 ± 7.453

X ± DS—mean ± standard deviation, DX—difference of means, 95% CI Lower/Upper—confidence interval with two level lower and upper, t—Student’s t-test, p—statistical level of probability, d—Cohen ‘d effect size.