Table 1.
Recent studies comparing serum fasting levels of each of the markers between patients with PCOS and healthy controls.
| Marker | Author | PCOS Patients (n) |
Control Patients (n) |
Level of the Marker (PCOS) 1 | Level of the Marker (Control) 1 |
Insulin Resistance Indicators (p-Value) 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nesfatin-1 | Demir Çaltekin et al., 2021 [25] |
44 | 40 | 17.08 ± 13.8 ng/mL (p < 0.001) |
36.8 ± 20.7 ng/mL | FPG (p = 0.999); FPI (p < 0.001); HOMA-IR (p = 0.001); VAI (p = 0.144) |
| Preptin | Mierzwicka et al., 2018 [26] |
73 | 61 | 8.88 ± 3.89 ng/mL (p = 0.0255) |
7.53 ± 2.53 ng/mL | FPG (p = 0.244); FPI (p = 0.0076); OGTT (p = 0.0665); HOMA-IR (p = 0.0009); QUICKI (p = 0.00834); Matsuda Index (p = 0.0006); 120 min Ins (p = 0.0007) |
| Myonectin | Demir & Guler 2020 [27] | 72 | 72 | 6.77 ± 1.96 ng/mL (p < 0.001) |
9.14 ± 2.87 ng/mL | FPG (p = 0.044); FPI (p < 0.001) OGTT (p = 0.218); HOMA-IR (p < 0.0001); HbA1c (p = 0.265) |
| Omentin | Franik et al., 2020 [28] | 86 | 72 | 210.5 ng/mL (149–302.7) (p < 0.001) |
515.9 ng/mL (256.3–779.0) |
FPG (p < 0.001); FPI (p < 0.01); HOMA-IR (p < 0.01) |
| Gremlin-1 | Koroglu et al., 2019 [29] |
50 | 30 | 1.89 ng/mL (1.36–2.57) (p = 0.001) |
1.36 ng/mL (0.64–1.92) | FPG (p = 0.190); FPI (p = 0.056); HOMA-IR (p = 0.000) |
| Galectin-3 | Yilmaz et al., 2014 [30] | 56 | 41 | 3588.77 ± 1566.94 ng/dL (p < 0.001) |
2491.33 ± 812.04 ng/dL | FBG (p = 0.144); HOMA (p = 0.508) |
| Neuregulin-4 | Cao &Hu, 2021 [31] | 52 | 43 | 8.12 ± 3.03 ng/mL (p = 0.031) |
4.22 ± 1.25 ng/mL | Serum C peptide (p = 0.012); FPI (p = 0.026) |
| Xenopsin-related peptide | Temur et al., 2017 [32] | 40 | 38 | 6.49 ± 1.57 ng/mL (p = 0.001) |
5.29 ±1.45 ng/mL | FBG (p = 0.134); FPI (p = 0.002); HOMA-IR (p = 0.003) |
| Xenin-25 | Guclu et al., 2019 [33] | 31 | 30 | 220.79 ± 259.4 pg/mL (p = 0.007) |
68.58 ± 152.78 pg/mL | FPG (p = 0.437); FPI (p = 0.345); HOMA-IR (p = 0.478) |
| Neudesin | Yasar et al., 2021 [34] | 180 | 100 | 1.19 ± 1.08 ng/mL (p = 0.015) |
2.12 ± 1.04 ng/mL | FBG (p = 0.170); FPI (p = 0.004); HOMA-IR (p = 0.004); HbA1C (p = 0.231) |
| Lipocalin-2 | Yilmaz et al., 2017 [35] | 44 | 47 | 55.74 ± 17.54 ng/mL (p < 0.011) |
36.46 ± 19.62 ng/mL | FBG (NS); FPI (p = 0.02); HOMA-IR (p = 0.014) |
1 Data expressed (if available) as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range); 2 each bracket contains p-value (p) comparing difference between serum marker’s concentration of PCOS and control patients; n-number of the patients in the study, PCOS—polycystic ovarian syndrome; FPG—fasting blood glucose, FPI—fasting plasma insulin, HOMA-IR—Homeostatic Model Assessment—Insulin Resistance, VAI—visceral adiposity index; OGTT—oral glucose tolerance test; QUICKI—Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index; 120 min Ins—insulin serum level measured after 120 min in the oral glucose tolerance test; Hb1Ac—Hemoglobin A1C; NS—non-significant.