Table 3.
Multivariate logistic regression on the likelihood of high exposure risk of urinary cadmium levels, ≥2 µg/g, while adjusting for participant characteristics (2007–2014).
| Characteristics | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time-Period | |||
| 2007–2008 | 1 | ||
| 2009–2010 | 0.88 | 0.71–1.09 | 0.23 |
| 2011–2012 | 0.72 | 0.57–0.90 | 0.005 |
| 2013–2014 | 0.47 | 0.39–0.57 | <0.001 |
| Age Group | |||
| <45 yrs | 1 | ||
| ≥45 yrs | 8.87 | 7.48–10.53 | <0.001 |
| Nativity | |||
| US | 1 | ||
| Foreign | 1.83 | 1.48–2.26 | <0.001 |
| Race/Ethnicity a | |||
| White | 1 | ||
| Black | 1.17 | 0.91–1.52 | 0.21 |
| Asian | 4.52 | 3.10–6.61 | <0.001 |
| Mexican American | 1 | 0.62–1.62 | 0.99 |
| Other Hispanic | 0.81 | 0.55–1.18 | 0.26 |
| Other b | 1.12 | 0.52–2.44 | 0.76 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 1 | ||
| Female | 4.32 | 3.59–5.21 | <0.001 |
| Income Level | |||
| High | 1 | ||
| Poverty | 1.35 | 1.08–1.68 | 0.01 |
| Low | 1.17 | 0.95–1.44 | 0.14 |
| Middle | 1.18 | 0.97–1.44 | 0.09 |
| Body Mass Index Category | |||
| Underweight | 1 | ||
| Normal | 0.96 | 0.62–1.47 | 0.84 |
| Overweight | 0.81 | 0.53–1.25 | 0.33 |
| Obese | 0.66 | 0.42–1.03 | 0.07 |
| Smoking Status | |||
| Nonsmoker | 1 | ||
| Former smoker | 3.23 | 2.65–3.95 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 5.74 | 4.69–7.02 | <0.001 |
| Longest Occupation c,d | |||
| Never worked | 1 | ||
| White-collar | 0.97 | 0.61–1.53 | 0.89 |
| Science and education | 0.88 | 0.59–1.32 | 0.54 |
| Health-related | 0.93 | 0.61–1.40 | 0.71 |
| Sales, Finance, business | 0.99 | 0.70–1.42 | 0.97 |
| Office, administrative | 0.997 | 0.71–1.39 | 0.99 |
| Food preparation and services | 0.74 | 0.52–1.06 | 0.10 |
| Blue-collar | 1.37 | 0.95–1.98 | 0.09 |
a Asian participant data only available at the beginning in 2014, therefore Race/Ethnicity section reports the 2011–2014 data statistics. b Other race includes mixed race, and other race not specified in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. c Data on detailed occupation was only available until 2014. d Longest occupation can be interpreted as either the current job or occupation that was held the longest.