Table 2.
Selected physical and laboratory parameters considering the vitamin D level and the HOMA index, respectively.
| Variable | Vitamin D (ng/mL) | HOMA Index | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowered Vitamin D Level |
Sufficient Vitamin D Level |
p-Value | Insulin Resistance |
Absence of Insulin Resistance |
p-Value | ||
| Physical Variables |
Age (years) | 12.9 ± 2.2 | 12.2 ± 2.3 | 0.276 ‡ | 12.4 ± 2.2 | 11.6 ± 2.4 | 0.078 ‡ |
| Height (m) | 1.56 ± 0.1 | 1.57 ± 0.1 | 0.747 ‡ | 1.56 ± 0.1 | 1.52 ± 0.1 | 0.004 ‡ | |
| Weight (kg) | 78.3 ± 21.8 | 76.2 ± 19.8 | 0.701 ‡ | 79.0 ± 20.3 | 66.0 ± 14.7 | 0.001 ‡ | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 100.3 ± 15.4 | 94.7 ± 13.4 | 0.195 ‡ | 97.2 ± 13.8 | 86.9 ± 8.8 | <0.001 ‡ | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.6 ± 6.4 | 30.4 ± 5.0 | 0.395 ‡ | 31.0 ± 5.4 | 28.3 ± 3.6 | 0.010 ‡ | |
| BMI SDS | 2.54 ± 0.6 | 2.52 ± 0.4 | 0.861 ‡ | 2.55 ± 0.5 | 2.39 ± 0.4 | 0.098 ‡ | |
| Body fat (kg); Caliper | 20.8 ± 7.3 | 19.7 ± 6.2 | 0.564 ‡ | 20.4 ± 6.6 | 17.0 ± 4.2 | 0.002 ‡ | |
| Body fat (%); Caliper | 25.5 ± 2.6 | 25.4 ± 2.1 | 0.870 ‡ | 25.6 ± 2.2 | 24.9 ± 1.9 | 0.161 ‡ | |
| Muscle mass (kg) | 21.0 ± 6.3 | 23.3 ± 7.3 | 0.225 ‡ | 18.7 ± 3.4 | 23.9 ± 7.4 | 0.026 ‡ | |
| Muscle mass (%) | 29.1 ± 2.4 | 31.0 ± 4.3 | 0.148 ‡ | 29.9 ± 3.9 | 31.0 ± 4.2 | 0.422 ‡ | |
| Fitness parameter |
Absolute cardiorespiratory fitness (W) |
100.0 ± 16.7 | 121.6 ± 34.5 | 0.003 ‡ | 121.7 ± 34.5 | 112.5 ± 30.7 | 0.460 ‡ |
| Relative cardiorespiratory fitness (W/kg) |
1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 0.004 ‡ | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 0.529 ‡ | |
| Laboratory parameters |
Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 22.6 ± 9.3 | 25.97 ± 11.5 | 0.095 ‡ | |||
| Blood glucose (mg/dL) | 5.13 ± 0.5 | 5.02 ± 0.43 | 0.148 ‡ | ||||
| Insulin (µU/mL) | 27.00 ± 8.8 | 21.78 ± 8.6 | 0.115 ‡ | ||||
| HOMA index | 6.19 ± 2.2 | 4.88 ± 2.7 | 0.082 ‡ | ||||
The data are presented as the mean ± SD; BMI = body mass index; SDS = standard deviation score; HOMA = homeostasis model assessment; p-values calculated with the ‡ t-test.