Table 2.

Results of generalized estimating equations for the effects of a vegetarian dietary habit on the change in BMD and trabecular bone score over time in female patients aged 40–55 years (n = 458).

Variable	Lumbar Spine BMD		Right Hip Femoral Neck BMD		Right Hip Total BMD		Left Hip Femoral Neck BMD		Left Hip Total BMD		Trabecular Bone Score
	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p
Vegetarian × time	−0.018	<0.001 *	−0.007	0.063	−0.009	0.133	−0.009	0.015 *	−0.010	0.099	−0.002	0.705
Vegetarian	−0.005	0.489	−0.003	0.520	−0.008	0.248	−0.010	0.051	−0.004	0.629	0.003	0.611
Time	−0.015	0.004 *	−0.018	<0.001 *	0.015	0.006 *	−0.008	0.071	−0.017	0.005 *	−0.017	<0.001 *
Age	−0.008	<0.001 *	−0.006	<0.001 *	−0.003	0.009 *	−0.006	<0.001 *	−0.005	<0.001 *	−0.007	<0.001 *
BMI	0.010	<0.001 *	0.008	<0.001 *	0.012	<0.001 *	0.008	<0.001 *	0.013	<0.001 *	-	-
HDL-C	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.005	0.034 *	-	-
Glucose	-	-	-	-	0.004	0.029 *	0.004	0.034 *	-	-	-	-
ALB	-	-	−0.018	<0.001 *	-	-	−0.017	<0.001 *	−0.024	0.002 *	-	-
ALP	−0.008	<0.001 *	−0.003	0.002 *	−0.005	<0.001 *	−0.003	0.001 *	-	-	−0.006	<0.001 *
eGFR	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	−0.004	0.004 *	-	-
TG	0.001	0.012 *	-	-	0.001	0.037 *	-	-	0.002	0.003 *	-	-

ALB: albumin (g/dL); ALP: alkaline phosphatase (per 10 IU/L); β: regression parameter coefficient estimate; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate (per 10 mL/min/1.73 m²); Glucose: fasting blood glucose (per 10 mg/dL); HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (per 10 mg/dL); TG: triglycerides (per 10 mg/dL). * p < 0.05.