Table 2.
Methodologies applied in reviewed articles (NR—not reported, Y—substances included in the study, N—substances not included in the study).
| Pre-Deployment | Post-Deployment | Extraction | Post-Extraction Sample Cleanup | Analyzed Substances | Instrumental Analysis | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Publication Year | Mechanism | Protocol | Mechanism | Protocol | Mechanism | Protocol | Instrumentation | Protocol | NBRFs | OPEs | PAHs | BFRs | PCBs | PEs | Pesticides | PPCPs | Other | Ref. | |
| 2014 | Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 3 × EtAc:n-hex (2.5 h), 60 rpm 2 × EtAc:MeOH (2.5 h), 60 rpm |
Rinse | 2 × DI water 1 × IPA |
Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × EtAc,100 mL, (2 h), 60 rpm | NR | NR | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | GC-MS | [20] |
| 2016 | Thermal conditioning | 280–300 °C (48 h) | Rinse | 1 × DI water 1 × IPA |
NR | 2 × EtAc, 100 mL | NR | NR | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | GC-ECD | [55] |
| 2016 | Soxhlet extraction | 1 × EtAc:n-hex, (12 h) 1 × EtAc:MeOH, (12 h) |
NR | NR | Soxhlet extraction | 1 × n-hex:acetone, (12 h) | Syringe filter (0.2 µm PTFE) SPE cartridges (Florisil, 500 mg) |
Filtration Elution: |
N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS | [51] |
| F1:n-hex (10 mL) | |||||||||||||||||||
| F2:EtAc (10 mL) | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 | Wash | 3 × EtAc:n-hex 2 × EtAc:MeOH |
Rinse | 2 × DI water 1 × IPA |
Wash | 1 × EtAc, 100 mL, (12 h) 1 × EtAc, 100 mL, (2 h) |
NR | NR | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | GC-ECD, GC-MS | [19] |
| 2017 | Conditioning (vacuum oven) | 300 °C, 180 min, 0.1 Torr | Rinse | 2 × DI water 1 × IPA |
Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × EtAc, 100 mL | NR | NR | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | GC-MS, GC-MS/MS, GC-µECD | [36] |
| 2017 | Soak | EtAc, n-hex, MeOH | Rinse | 2 × water 1 × IPA |
NR | 2 × EtAc, 100 mL | SPE cartridges (C18, 500 mg) | Elution: ACN | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS | [52] |
| 2018 | NR | NR | Rinse | 1 × DI water 1 × IPA |
Dialysis | 2 × EtAc | NR | NR | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS/MS | [57] |
| 2018 | Solvent exchange | 3 × EtAc:n-hex 2 × EtAc:MeOH |
Rinse | 2 × DI water 1 × IPA |
Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × EtAc 100 mL, 60 rpm | NR | NR | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS/MS | [48] |
| 2018 | Agitated wash (overhead shaker) | 1 × EtAc:n-hex, (30 min) 1 × EtAc:MeOH, (30 min): |
NR | NR | Agitated wash (overhead shaker) | 2 × EtAc, 40 mL, (30 min) | NR | NR | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | LC-MS | [24] |
| 2018 | NR | NR | Rinse | 2 × DI water 1 × IPA |
Wash | 1 × EtAc 100 mL, (12 h) 1 × EtAc, 100 mL, (2 h) |
NR | NR | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | GC-µECD | [27] |
| 2018 | Soxhlet extraction | 1 × EtAc:n-hex, (12 h) 1 × EtAc:MeOH, (12 h) |
NR | NR | Sonication | 3 × n-hex:acetone, 10 mL | Custom SPE: Florisil (500 mg) and silica gel (12 g; F1 only) | Elution (Florisil): | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS | [58] |
| F1:n-hex | |||||||||||||||||||
| F2:EtAc | |||||||||||||||||||
| Elution (silica gel): F3:DCM:n-hex | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | Rinse, conditioning | Water rinse, thermal conditioning | Rinse | 1 × DI water 1 × IPA |
Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × EtAc, 100 mL, (2 h) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | GC-MS | [67] |
| 2019 | Soxhlet extraction | 1 × EtAc:n-hex, (24 h) 1 × EtAc:MeOH, (24 h) |
NR | NR | Sonication | 2 × n-hex:acetone, 30 mL, (2 h) | Custom SPE (neutral alumina, neutral silica gel, sulfuric acid- silica gel, sodium sulfate) | Elution: DCM (40 mL) | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | GC-MS | [21] |
| Custom SPE (neutral alumina, neutral silica, Florisil, sodium sulfate) | Elution: | ||||||||||||||||||
| F1:DCM (40 mL) | |||||||||||||||||||
| F2:EtAc (40 mL) | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | NR | NR | Rinse | 2 × DI water 1 × IPA |
Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × EtAc, 100 mL, 60 rpm | NR | NR | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | GC-MS | [59] |
| 2019 | Thermal conditioning (vacuum oven) | 300 °C, (180 min), 0.1 Torr | Rinse | 1 × DI water 1 × IPA |
NR | 2 × EtAc, 100 mL | SPE (C18, silica) | Elution: ACN | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | GC-µECD, GC-MS | [61] |
| 2019 | Soak | EtAc, n-hex, MeOH | NR | NR | NR | 2 × EtAc, 100 mL | SPE cartridges (C18, 500 mg) | Elution: ACN | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS | [62] |
| 2019 | Soxhlet extraction | Agitated wash | 1 × DI water | Sonication | 1 × Acetone:n-hex, 20 mL, (2 h) | Custom SPE (neutral alumina, neutral silica, Florisil, anhydrous sodium sulfate) | Elution: | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | GC-MS | [63] | |
| F1:DCM | |||||||||||||||||||
| F2:EtAc | |||||||||||||||||||
| Rinse | 1 × IPA | Custom SPE, (neutral alumina, neutral silica, acidic silica, anhydrous sodium sulfate) | elution: F3: DCM |
||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | NR | NR | Rinse | 2 × DI water 1 × IPA |
Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × EtAc, 100 mL, (2 h), 60 rpm | - | - | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | GC-GC/ToF-MS | [45] |
| 2020 | Soxhlet extraction | 1 × EtAc (3 days) | - | - | Agitated wash (Wrist Action Shaker) | 1 × ACN, 30 mL | Syringe filter (0.2 µm, Teflon) | Filtration | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | GC-MS | [49] |
| 2020 | Agitated wash (platform shaker) | 3 × EtAc:n-hex, (2.5 h) 2 × EtAc:MeOH, (2.5 h), 60 rpm |
NR | NR | Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × EtAc, 25 mL, (2 h), 60 rpm | SPE cartridges (C18, 500 mg) | Elution: ACN | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | GC-MS | [68] |
| 2020 | NR | NR | Rinse | 1 × DI water 1 × IPA |
Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × EtAc, 25 mL, (24 h) | SPE cartridges (C18, 500 mg) | Elution: n-hex: DCM (4 mL) | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | N | GC-MS | [69] |
| 2020 | Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 1 × MeOH (10 min) 3 × n-hex:EtAc (1 h), 2 × MeOH:EtAc |
Rinse | 1 × MeOH | agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × 30 mL EtAc, 30 mL, (1 h) | NR | NR | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS | [18] |
| 2020 | Soxhlet extraction | 1 × EtAc:n-hex, (12 h) 1 × EtAc:MeOH, (12 h) |
NR | NR | Sonication | 3 × n-hex: DCM, 10 mL, (15 min) | SPE (Florisil, 8 g) | Elution: | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS/MS | [70] |
| F1:n-hex | |||||||||||||||||||
| F2:EtAc | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | Soxhlet extraction | 1 × EtAc:n-hex, (24 h) 1 × EtAc:MeOH, (24 h) |
NR | NR | Sonication | 2 × n-hex:acetone, 30 mL, (2 h) | Custom SPE (neutral alumina, neutral silica, Florisil, sodium sulfate) | Elution: DCM | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS | [47] |
| 2020 | Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × MeOH, (10 min), 120 rpm 2 × (1 h): n-hex:EtAc, (1 h), 120 rpm 2 × MeOH:EtAc, 120 rpm |
Rinse | 1 × MeOH | Agitated wash (overhead shaker) | 2 × EtAc, 30 mL | NR | NR | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS | [71] |
| 2020 | Conditioning (vacuum oven) | 300 °C, (12 h), 0.1 Torr | Rinse | 2 × DI water 1 × IPA |
NR | 2 × EtAc, 50 mL | SPE cartridges (C18) | Eluted: ACN | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | GC-MS | [46] |
| 2020 | Soxhlet extraction | 1 × EtAc:n-hex, (12 h) 1 × EtAc:MeOH, (12 h) |
NR | NR | Sonication | 3 × n-hex:DCM, 10 mL) | SPE cartridges (Florisil, 500 mg) | Elution: | N | Y | N | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | GC-MS | [72] |
| F1: n-hex | |||||||||||||||||||
| F2: EtAc | |||||||||||||||||||
| F3: MeOH | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | NR | NR | Rinse | DI water | Sonication | 2 × n-hex: acetone, 30 mL, (2 h) | Chromatography column (neutral alumina, neutral silica gel, sulfuric acid-silica gel, sodium sulfate) | Elution: DCM | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS | [28] |
| Chromatography column (neutral alumina, neutral silica gel, Florisil, sodium sulfate) | Elution:F1:DCM | ||||||||||||||||||
| F2:EtAc | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | Soxhlet extraction | 1 × pentane (3 days) | - | - | Agitated wash | ACN | SPE cartridge (Florisil, 500 mg) | Elution: EtAc | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | GC-MS | [73] |
| 2020 | Agitated wash (magnetic stir plate) | 3 × EtAc:n-hex, (30 min), 60 rpm 2 × EtAc:MeOH, (30 min), 60 rpm |
NR | NR | Agitated wash (magnetic stir plate) | ACN:MeOH, 20 mL, (1 h), 60 rpm | NR | NR | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | HPLC | [65] |
| 2020 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Sonication | 3 × n-hex:DCM, 10 mL | SPE (Florisil, 8 g) | Elution: | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | GC-MS, GC-MS/MS | [74] |
| F1: n-hex, | |||||||||||||||||||
| F2: EtAc, | |||||||||||||||||||
| F3: MeOH | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 1 × MeOH (10 min), 120 rpm 2 × EtAc:n-hex (1 h), 120 rpm 2 × EtAc:MeOH (1 h), 120 rpm |
NR | NR | Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × EtAc, 30 mL, (1 h), 120 rpm | NR | NR | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS | [75] |
| 2021 | Soxhlet extraction | 1 × EtAc:n-hex (12 h) 1 × EtAc:MeOH (12 h) |
NR | NR | Sonication | 3 × DCM:n-hex | SPE cartridges (Florisil, 500 mg) | Elution: | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | LC-MS | [76] |
| F1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| F2: EtAc | |||||||||||||||||||
| F3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | Rinse, conditioning | DI water, 300 °C (180 min) | rinse | 1 × DI water 1 × IPA |
Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × EtAc | SPE (C18, silica) | Elution: ACN | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | GC-ECD, GC-MS | [77] |
| 2021 | Sonication | 3 × DCM:n-hex, (20 min) | NR | NR | Sonication | 2 × DCM: n-hex, 15 mL, (20 min) | SPE cartridges (Florisil, 2 g) | Elution: 1 × n-hex 1 × EtAc |
N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | LC-MS | [78] |
Abbreviations: ACN, acetonitrile; BFRs, brominated flame retardants; DCM, dichloromethane; DI, deionized; EtAc, ethyl acetate; F1, F2, F3, numeration of fractions eluted (in accordance to their order of elution); IPA, isopropyl alcohol; MeOH, methanol; NBFRs, novel brominated flame retardants; n-hex, n-hexane; OPEs, organophosphate esters; PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls; PEs, phthalate esters; PPCPs, pharmaceuticals and personal care products; SPE, solid phase extraction.