Table 3.
Effect modification by sex, age, exercise, greenspace, and income for the Hazard Ratios (HRs) of osteoporosis-related fracture associations with an IQR increase in three-year moving annual average concentration of air pollution (n = 56,467).
| PM10 (IQR = 13.7 μg/m3) | SO2 (IQR = 2 ppb) | CO (IQR = 0.192 ppm) | NO2 (IQR = 0.012 ppm) | O3 (IQR = 0.007 ppm) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p-Int. | HR (95% CI) | p-Int. | HR (95% CI) | p-Int. | HR (95% CI) | p-Int. | HR (95% CI) | p-Int. | |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Men | 0.99 (0.89, 1.11) | 0.884 | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | 0.300 | 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) | 0.142 | 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) | 0.929 | 1.03 (0.93, 1.13) | 0.614 |
| Women | 1.00 (0.93, 1.08) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) ** | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) | |||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| 50–69 y | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) | 0.300 | 1.06 (1.00, 1.11) * | 0.441 | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 0.395 | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) | 0.437 | 0.99 (0.93, 1.06) | 0.650 |
| ≥70 y | 0.96 (0.88, 1.06) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.09) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | |||||
| Sex and age (years) | ||||||||||
| Men, age 50–69 y | 1.02 (0.89, 1.17) | 0.753 | 0.96 (0.86, 1.07) | 0.130 | 0.94 (0.84, 1.05) | 0.372 | 0.95 (0.85, 1.07) | 0.260 | 1.02 (0.90, 1.15) | 0.940 |
| Men, age ≥70 y | 0.93 (0.77, 1.13) | 1.08 (0.94, 1.24) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.08) | 1.08 (0.93, 1.25) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.21) | |||||
| Women, age 50–69 y | 1.02 (0.93, 1.11) | 1.09 (1.03, 1.16) ** | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.06) | |||||
| Women, age ≥70 y | 0.97 (0.88, 1.08) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) | |||||
| Frequency of exercise per week | ||||||||||
| Never | 0.93 (0.83, 1.04) | 0.064 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) | 0.980 | 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) | 0.446 | 0.98 (0.89, 1.07) | 0.803 | 1.02 (0.93, 1.13) | 0.900 |
| 1–4 times | 0.92 (0.79, 1.06) | 1.04 (0.92, 1.18) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.15) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.15) | 0.99 (0.87, 1.13) | |||||
| 5 times or more | 1.05 (0.97, 1.13) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.10) * | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) | |||||
| Income-based insurance fee | ||||||||||
| 0–39th percentile | 1.02 (0.91, 1.14) | 0.177 | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12) | 0.429 | 1.03 (0.94, 1.14) | 0.395 | 1.02 (0.93, 1.13) | 0.617 | 1.01 (0.91, 1.12) | 0.611 |
| 40–79th percentile | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.14) | |||||
| 80–100th percentile | 1.04 (0.95, 1.13) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.14) ** | 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | |||||
*: significant at a significance level of 0.10. **: significant at a significance level of 0.05. p-int: p-value for interaction.