Table 2.
Normal vs. Abnormal Right Ventricular size – Baseline Demographics and Outcomes.
| RV size |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | N | Overall, N = 3091 | Normal, N = 2031 | Abnormal, N = 1061 | p-value2 |
| Age | 309 | 61.44 (14.66) | 61.22 (15.21) | 61.88 (13.62) | >0.9 |
| Sex | 309 | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 176 / 309 (57%) | 100 / 203 (49%) | 76 / 106 (72%) | ||
| Female | 133 / 309 (43%) | 103 / 203 (51%) | 30 / 106 (28%) | ||
| Atrial fibrillation | 307 | 106 / 307 (35%) | 62 / 201 (31%) | 44 / 106 (42%) | 0.062 |
| (Missing) | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| CAD | 307 | 150 / 307 (49%) | 96 / 201 (48%) | 54 / 106 (51%) | 0.6 |
| (Missing) | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| HTN | 307 | 239 / 307 (78%) | 157 / 201 (78%) | 82 / 106 (77%) | 0.9 |
| (Missing) | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Valvular disease | 307 | 116 / 307 (38%) | 73 / 201 (36%) | 43 / 106 (41%) | 0.5 |
| (Missing) | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| CHF | 308 | 66 / 308 (21%) | 40 / 202 (20%) | 26 / 106 (25%) | 0.3 |
| (Missing) | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
| CKD | 308 | 93 / 308 (30%) | 57 / 202 (28%) | 36 / 106 (34%) | 0.3 |
| (Missing) | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
| CKD on dialysis | 307 | 69 / 307 (22%) | 41 / 201 (20%) | 28 / 106 (26%) | 0.2 |
| (Missing) | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| COPD | 307 | 33 / 307 (11%) | 25 / 201 (12%) | 8 / 106 (7.5%) | 0.2 |
| (Missing) | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| DM | 307 | 176 / 307 (57%) | 120 / 201 (60%) | 56 / 106 (53%) | 0.2 |
| (Missing) | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| HLD | 307 | 187 / 307 (61%) | 125 / 201 (62%) | 62 / 106 (58%) | 0.5 |
| (Missing) | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Asthma | 307 | 40 / 307 (13%) | 27 / 201 (13%) | 13 / 106 (12%) | 0.8 |
| (Missing) | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Cancer | 307 | 43 / 307 (14%) | 32 / 201 (16%) | 11 / 106 (10%) | 0.2 |
| (Missing) | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Stroke | 307 | 76 / 307 (25%) | 52 / 201 (26%) | 24 / 106 (23%) | 0.5 |
| (Missing) | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Pacemaker or ICD | 307 | 16 / 307 (5.2%) | 9 / 201 (4.5%) | 7 / 106 (6.6%) | 0.4 |
| (Missing) | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| RV size | 309 | 38.66 (9.10) | 33.65 (5.56) | 48.27 (6.45) | <0.001 |
| TASPE | 261 | 19.78 (5.46) | 19.86 (5.27) | 19.66 (5.77) | 0.8 |
| (Missing) | 48 | 42 | 6 | ||
| Elevated PA pressure | 209 | 0.009 | |||
| Normal | 116 / 209 (56%) | 77 / 122 (63%) | 39 / 87 (45%) | ||
| Elevated | 93 / 209 (44%) | 45 / 122 (37%) | 48 / 87 (55%) | ||
| (Missing) | 100 | 81 | 19 | ||
| PASP (measured) | 141 | 40.51 (14.63) | 36.68 (11.53) | 45.40 (16.68) | <0.001 |
| (Missing) | 168 | 124 | 44 | ||
| RAP | 182 | 8.00 (3.00, 15.00) | 3.00 (3.00, 8.00) | 8.00 (3.00, 15.00) | 0.005 |
| (Missing) | 127 | 94 | 33 | ||
| Dilated RV cavity | 309 | <0.001 | |||
| Normal | 250 / 309 (81%) | 186 / 203 (92%) | 64 / 106 (60%) | ||
| Dilated | 59 / 309 (19%) | 17 / 203 (8.4%) | 42 / 106 (40%) | ||
| LVEF | 305 | 58.01 (11.76) | 58.86 (10.46) | 56.43 (13.79) | 0.4 |
| (Missing) | 4 | 4 | 0 | ||
| LVEDD | 219 | 44.68 (7.82) | 43.45 (7.59) | 46.83 (7.79) | 0.008 |
| (Missing) | 90 | 64 | 26 | ||
| Pericardial effusion (%) | 306 | >0.9 | |||
| Absent | 302 / 306 (99%) | 198 / 201 (99%) | 104 / 105 (99%) | ||
| Present | 4 / 306 (1.3%) | 3 / 201 (1.5%) | 1 / 105 (1.0%) | ||
| (Missing) | 3 | 2 | 1 | ||
| RV function (Abnormal S' or TAPSE. Definition: TAPSE < 17 mm or S’ < 9.5 cm/s) | 261 | >0.9 | |||
| Normal | 207 / 261 (79%) | 128 / 161 (80%) | 79 / 100 (79%) | ||
| Abnormal | 54 / 261 (21%) | 33 / 161 (20%) | 21 / 100 (21%) | ||
| (Missing) | 48 | 42 | 6 | ||
| RV function (Abnormal S'. Definiton: S’ < 9.5 cm/s) | 173 | 0.6 | |||
| Normal | 93 / 173 (54%) | 54 / 104 (52%) | 39 / 69 (57%) | ||
| Abnormal | 80 / 173 (46%) | 50 / 104 (48%) | 30 / 69 (43%) | ||
| (Missing) | 136 | 99 | 37 | ||
| RV function (Abnormal TAPSE. Definiton: TAPSE < 17 mm | 261 | >0.9 | |||
| Normal | 188 / 261 (72%) | 116 / 161 (72%) | 72 / 100 (72%) | ||
| Abnormal | 73 / 261 (28%) | 45 / 161 (28%) | 28 / 100 (28%) | ||
| (Missing) | 48 | 42 | 6 | ||
| LVEDD (Definition: LVEDD > 58.4 mm (male) or > 52.2 mm (female)) | 219 | 0.5 | |||
| Normal | 203 / 219 (93%) | 130 / 139 (94%) | 73 / 80 (91%) | ||
| Abnormal | 16 / 219 (7.3%) | 9 / 139 (6.5%) | 7 / 80 (8.8%) | ||
| (Missing) | 90 | 64 | 26 | ||
| LVEF (Definition: LVEF < 50%) | 305 | 0.058 | |||
| Normal | 253 / 305 (83%) | 171 / 199 (86%) | 82 / 106 (77%) | ||
| Abnormal | 52 / 305 (17%) | 28 / 199 (14%) | 24 / 106 (23%) | ||
| (Missing) | 4 | 4 | 0 | ||
| RV by visual estimation | 291 | <0.001 | |||
| Normal | 224 / 291 (77%) | 161 / 185 (87%) | 63 / 106 (59%) | ||
| Abnormal | 67 / 291 (23%) | 24 / 185 (13%) | 43 / 106 (41%) | ||
| (Missing) | 18 | 18 | 0 | ||
| Wall motion abnormalities | 294 | 43 / 294 (15%) | 27 / 192 (14%) | 16 / 102 (16%) | 0.7 |
| (Missing) | 15 | 11 | 4 | ||
| Takotsubo or stress cardiomyopathy | 297 | 3 / 297 (1.0%) | 2 / 196 (1.0%) | 1 / 101 (1.0%) | >0.9 |
| (Missing) | 12 | 7 | 5 | ||
| Composite outcome: Invasive ventilation, death at 60d, shock, thromboembolism or need for RRT | 309 | 194 / 309 (63%) | 119 / 203 (59%) | 75 / 106 (71%) | 0.036 |
| Death at 60 days | 309 | 75 / 309 (24%) | 39 / 203 (19%) | 36 / 106 (34%) | 0.004 |
| Invasive ventilation | 309 | 164 / 309 (53%) | 100 / 203 (49%) | 64 / 106 (60%) | 0.063 |
| RRT | 309 | 72 / 309 (23%) | 34 / 203 (17%) | 38 / 106 (36%) | <0.001 |
| Shock | 309 | 147 / 309 (48%) | 83 / 203 (41%) | 64 / 106 (60%) | 0.001 |
| Thromboembolic event | 309 | 35 / 309 (11%) | 17 / 203 (8.4%) | 18 / 106 (17%) | 0.023 |
| 1Median (p25, p75), mean (sd) or Frequency (%) | |||||
| 2Wilcoxon rank sum test; Pearson's Chi-squared test; Fisher's exact test | |||||
Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; HTN, hypertension; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; HLD, hyperlipidemia; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; RV, right ventricular; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; PA, pulmonary artery; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; RAP, right atrial pressure; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD, left ventricular end diastolic diameter; S’, peak lateral tricuspid annular systolic velocity; RRT, renal replacement therapy. Bold p-values are statistically significant.