Table 1.
Socio-demographic and clinical data on the analysable sample from this case-control study of depression cases, stratified by high or low CRP, and healthy controls.
| Controls | Cases | p | loCRP Cases | hiCRP Cases | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 46 | 83 | 50 | 33 | ||
| Sex (female/male) | 27/19 | 57/26 | 0.335 | 29/21 | 28/5 | 0.015 |
| Age, years | 35.5 (7.5) | 37.1 (7.3) | 0.244 | 36.8 (7.1) | 37.6 (7.6) | 0.631 |
| Body mass index | 24.5 (4.2) | 26.8 (4.1) | 0.002 | 25.6 (3.7) | 28.8 (3.9) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 0.9 (0.7) | 2.9 (2.9) | <0.001 | 1.0 (0.7) | 5.8 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| Clinician-rated depressiona | 0.5 (0.9) | 19.3 (5.2) | <0.001 | 19.4 (5.4) | 19.2 (4.9) | 0.846 |
| Self-rated depressionb | 2.0 (2.8) | 25.3 (8.8) | <0.001 | 24.7 (8.4) | 26.2 (9.4) | 0.445 |
| State anxietyc | 26.9 (7.8) | 51.2 (10.7) | <0.001 | 51.2 (10.8) | 51.1 (10.7) | 0.957 |
| Trait anxiety | 29.4 (5.9) | 60.6 (9.2) | <0.001 | 60.3 (9.7) | 60.9 (8.6) | 0.767 |
| Fatigued | 10.7 (2.5) | 20.5 (5.7) | <0.001 | 20.4 (5.6) | 20.6 (5.8) | 0.866 |
| Anhedoniae | 0.2 (0.6) | 5.0 (3.6) | <0.001 | 5.3 (3.4) | 4.7 (3.8) | 0.484 |
| Childhood traumaf | 38.2 (5.1) | 53.2 (14.2) | <0.001 | 55.8 (14.9) | 49.2 (12.3) | 0.039 |
| Treatment resistant | – | 50 | – | 28 (56%) | 22 (67%) | 0.367 |
| Number of antidepressants | – | 2.7 (1.7) | – | 2.6 (1.5) | 2.9 (2.0) | 0.405 |
aHAMD-17: Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression [51], a 17-item clinician-administered rating scale for reliable assessment of symptoms in patients diagnosed with depression, with a total score range 0–52.
bBDI: Beck Depression Inventory version 2 [52], a 21-item self-report questionnaire, with a total score range 0–63.
cSTAI: Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Rating Scale [53], a 40-item self-report measure of trait and state anxiety.[stai]
dCFS: Chalder Fatigue Scale [54], a 14-item self-report instrument to measure the severity of fatigue in adults.
eSHAPS: Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale [55], a 14-item self-report measure of anhedonia (loss of the normal capacity for pleasurable experience), one of two principal symptoms of depression.
fCTQ: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [56], a standardized, retrospective 28-item self-report inventory that measures the severity of five classes of childhood trauma: emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect.