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. 2021 Oct 18;26(12):7167–7187. doi: 10.1038/s41380-021-01291-y

Fig. 7. Role of valeric acid and C3 signaling in exercise attenuation on surgery-induced learning and memory impairment.

Fig. 7

Nine-week old male mice with or without exercise for 4 weeks in the presence or absence of intraperitoneal injection of valeric acid (one injection per week) were subjected to left carotid artery exposure (surgery) under isoflurane anesthesia (panels A–C). In another experiment, 9-week old mice with or without exercise for 4 weeks were subjected to surgery and received intracerebroventricular injection of a C3 agonist or SB290157, a C3ar antagonist, at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h after surgery (panels D–F). A, D Training sessions of Barnes maze test. B, E Memory assessment of Barnes maze test. C, F Novel object recognition test. Results are mean ± S.D. in (panels A and D) and median ± interquartile range with presentation of value of individual mouse in panels B, C, E and F (n = 11–13 for panels A–C,  = 13–15 for panels D–F). Exe exercise, Sur surgery, NS normal saline, DMSO dimethylsulfoxide, Val valeric acid, Anta-C3ar C3ar antagonist, Agon-C3ar C3ar agonist. *P < 0.05 compared the two curves.