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. 2022 Feb 11;13:726153. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.726153

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Copyright © 2022 Dölling, Eckstein, Singh, Schauer, Schoen, Shan, Bozec, Knopf, Schett, Muñoz and Herrmann

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Composite image of various stages of degranulation or NET formation of tissue neutrophils. Immunofluorescence staining of various biopsies for DNA with PI (red) and for neutrophil elastase (green). Various types of tissue neutrophils were identified and classified in a composite image showing (1) viable neutrophils, (2) chromatin decondensation and spreading of granular content, (3) highly decondensed chromatin with associated granular remnants. (4-9) various steps of chromatin externalization: (4) nuclear swelling and increase of cellular diameter, (5-6) loss of nuclear shape, (7) mixture of DNA with granular enzymes, and (8-9) aggregation of swollen neutrophils with and without chromatin externalization. The upper panel shows selected nuclei from slides lacking of the first antibody. Each individual field represent 50 x 50 µm.