Table 3.

Cause-specific contributions to the gender gap in life expectancy at birth^a during 2013–2018 by urban-rural residence.

	Urban		Rural
	Years	%	Years	%
Cancer	1.71	33.74	1.72	30.37
Malignant tumor	1.71	33.66	1.72	30.31
Nasopharyngeal cancer	0.03	0.53	0.03	0.53
Esophagus cancer	0.20	3.89	0.22	3.96
Stomach cancer	0.25	4.94	0.28	5.03
Colorectal cancer	0.09	1.80	0.06	1.12
Liver cancer	0.42	8.24	0.49	8.62
Lung cancer	0.69	13.68	0.58	10.28
Breast cancer	−0.16	−3.17	−0.12	−2.08
Cervical cancer	−0.09	−1.71	−0.09	−1.65
Bladder cancer	0.04	0.78	0.03	0.54
Leukocythemia	0.03	0.52	0.03	0.49
Cardiovascular disease	1.61	31.70	1.81	32.03
Heart disease	0.70	13.75	0.74	13.04
Chronic rheumatic heart disease	−0.01	−0.19	−0.01	−0.16
Hypertensive cardiopathy	0.04	0.88	0.06	1.07
Ischemic heart disease	0.57	11.15	0.59	10.46
Cerebrovascular disease	0.86	16.87	1.02	18.04
Other hypertensive diseases	0.03	0.64	0.04	0.63
External causes	0.63	12.51	1.06	18.66
Traffic accidents	0.28	5.55	0.48	8.55
Accidental fall	0.10	1.95	0.14	2.55
Drowning	0.06	1.28	0.11	1.90
Suicide	0.04	0.73	0.06	1.08
Respiratory disease	0.60	11.87	0.56	9.88
Pneumonia	0.11	2.18	0.06	0.98
Chronic lower respiratory disease	0.43	8.39	0.45	8.02
Digestive disease	0.17	3.30	0.19	3.42
Gastric and duodenal ulcer	0.02	0.45	0.03	0.52
Intestinal obstruction	0.01	0.13	0.01	0.10
Liver disease	0.10	2.06	0.12	2.14
Infectious disease	0.11	2.17	0.12	2.20
Tuberculosis	0.03	0.68	0.04	0.72
Hepatitis	0.04	0.87	0.05	0.90
AIDS	0.01	0.28	0.01	0.24
Endocrine, nutritional & metabolic disease	0.03	0.67	−0.01	−0.17
Diabetes	0.03	0.57	−0.01	−0.22
Other causes b	0.17	3.29	0.16	2.87
Unspecified causes of death	0.04	0.77	0.03	0.75
Total	5.08	100.00	5.66	100.00

^aWe included seven chapters and thirty-two subchapters of ICD-10 in the estimation of cause-specific contributions to the gender gap. The selection of causes of death is consistent with a prior study (19) to facilitate a comparison between our study and the prior study. Each chapter contains several subchapters. We did not include all subchapters into our analyses. Therefore, the sum of the gender gap attributable to each subchapter within a specific chapter is not necessarily equal to the gender gap attributable to the chapter.

^bThe category of other causes includes 1) diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism, 2) mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders, 3) diseases of the nervous system, 4) diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, 5) diseases of the genitourinary system, pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium, 6) certain conditions originating in the perinatal period, and 7) congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities.