Table 1.
Characteristics of participants at baseline according to functional status.
| Characteristics | Total sample (n = 11,013) | functional limitations | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 1,630) | No (n = 9,383) | |||
| Age, years | 62.1 (8.6) | 67.2 (10.3) | 61.2 (7.9) | <0.001 |
| Male | 5,604 (50.9) | 668 (41.0) | 4,936 (52.6) | <0.001 |
| Rural residence | 6,997 (63.5) | 1,184 (72.6) | 5,813 (62.0) | <0.001 |
| Married | 9,408 (85.4) | 1,231 (75.5) | 8,177 (87.1) | <0.001 |
| Education levelb | ||||
| No formal education | 5,687 (51.7) | 1,190 (73.1) | 4,497 (48.0) | <0.001 |
| Primary school | 2,326 (21.1) | 239 (14.7) | 2,087 (22.3) | |
| Middle or high school | 2,801 (25.5) | 189 (11.6) | 2,612 (27.9) | |
| College and above | 184 (1.7) | 10 (0.6) | 174 (1.9) | |
| Self-reported chronic conditionsb | ||||
| Hypertension | 2,458 (22.4) | 462 (28.6) | 1,996 (21.3) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 536 (4.9) | 118 (7.3) | 418 (4.5) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 812 (7.5) | 141 (8.9) | 671 (7.3) | 0.020 |
| Use of medicationb | ||||
| Antihypertension | 1,925 (17.6) | 381 (23.6) | 1,544 (16.5) | <0.001 |
| Antidiabetic | 380 (3.5) | 83 (5.1) | 297 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering medication | 448 (4.1) | 90 (5.7) | 358 (3.9) | 0.001 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | 6,717 (61.0) | 1,087 (66.7) | 5,630 (60.0) | <0.001 |
| Former | 929 (8.4) | 153 (9.4) | 776 (8.3) | |
| Current | 3,367 (30.6) | 390 (23.9) | 2,977 (31.7) | |
| Drinking | ||||
| Never | 7,396 (67.2) | 1,185 (72.7) | 6,211 (66.2) | <0.001 |
| Former | 705 (6.4) | 151 (9.3) | 554 (5.9) | |
| Current | 2,912 (26.4) | 294 (18.0) | 2,618 (27.9) | |
| Depression symptomsb | 2,684 (27.9) | 682 (52.9) | 2,002 (24.0) | <0.001 |
| Low social participationb | 5,310 (51.8) | 918 (63.2) | 4,392 (49.9) | <0.001 |
| Sleep duration b | ||||
| <7 h | 5,247 (51.6) | 832 (58.3) | 4,415 (50.5) | <0.001 |
| 7–7.9 h | 1,879 (18.5) | 178 (12.5) | 1,701 (19.5) | |
| ≥8 h | 3,043 (29.9) | 418 (29.3) | 2,625 (30.0) | |
| Nap durationb | ||||
| <30 min | 4,994 (48.8) | 696 (48.2) | 4,298 (48.9) | 0.119 |
| 30–59 min | 895 (8.7) | 109 (7.5) | 786 (8.9) | |
| ≥60 min | 4,344 (42.5) | 640 (44.3) | 3,704 (42.1) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2)c | 22.96 (3.55) | 22.64 (3.42) | 23.00 (3.57) | 0.010 |
| Blood pressure, mm Hgc | ||||
| SBP | 132.36 (22.67) | 132.00 (21.55) | 132.41 (22.83) | 0.648 |
| DBP | 75.91 (11.89) | 75.84 (11.85) | 75.91 (11.90) | 0.076 |
| Metabolic biomarkersc | ||||
| FPG, mg/dL | 110.35 (35.10) | 110.55 (36.65) | 110.33 (34.86) | 0.876 |
| TC, mg/dL | 194.26 (38.56) | 193.87 (39.58) | 194.32 (38.41) | 0.773 |
| TG, mg/dL | 129.92 (94.07) | 126.55 (84.97) | 130.43 (95.36) | 0.307 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 51.71 (15.55) | 52.44 (16.34) | 51.60 (15.43) | 0.200 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 117.06 (35.44) | 116.24 (35.43) | 117.18 (35.45) | 0.511 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.28 (0.81) | 5.28 (0.83) | 5.27 (0.81) | 0.928 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 1.08 (1.68) | 1.08 (1.65) | 1.14 (2.13) | 0.156 |
Data were presented as n (%) or mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range).
P values were obtained according to the chi-square test, student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test.
Missing values: 15 for education; 47 for hypertension; 82 for diabetes; 194 for dyslipidemia; 47 for antihypertension medication; 82 for antidiabetic medication; 194 for lipid-lowering medication; 1,365 for depressive symptoms; 753 for social participation; 844 for sleep duration; and 780 for nap duration.
Measured in subgroups of 5,388 participants. SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.