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. 2022 Feb 11;10:786060. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.786060

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Copyright © 2022 Kettenburg, Kistler, Ranaivoson, Ahyong, Andrianiaina, Andry, DeRisi, Gentles, Raharinosy, Randriambolamanantsoa, Ravelomanantsoa, Tato, Dussart, Heraud and Brook.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Map of sampling sites for P. rufus, E. dupreanum, and R. madagascariensis in the Districts of Moramanga and Manjakandriana, Madagascar (P. rufus: Ambakoana roost; E. dupreanum: Angavobe/Angavokely caves; R. madagascariensis: Maromizaha cave). Pie charts correspond to coronavirus prevalence in juveniles vs. adults across all three species: 3/15 (20%) vs. 1/29 (3.5%) for P. rufus, 5/13 (38.5%) vs. 11/132 (8.3%) for E. dupreanum, and 0/13 (0%) vs. 8/83 (9.6%) for R. madagascariensis. Pie circle size corresponds to sample size on a log-10 scale. (B) Seasonal variation in adult (circle) vs. juvenile (triangle) CoV prevalence by species, from sites depicted in (A). Color corresponds to species and point size to sampling number, as indicated in the legend. Background shading corresponds to the season in which late-stage juveniles are present in the population (yellow) preceding the dry season (lightblue). Lines represent 95% confidence intervals.