Table 2.

Mediators or modulators of ferroptosis.

Proteins	Name	Mechanism	References
VDACs	voltage-dependent anion channels	Production of mitochondrial ROS and mitochondrial dysfunction	[146]
p53	cellular tumor antigen p53	System Xc− inhibition	[147, 148]
FSP1	ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (a CoQ oxidoreductase, which)	FSP1 can reduce phospholipid	[149]
Panx 1	Pannexin 1	Panx 1 negatively regulates lipid peroxidation through the MAPK pathway	[126]
NRF2	nuclear respiratory Factor 2	NRF2 can bind to ARE elements in the promoter regions of the target genes	[150]
CoQ	coenzyme Q (a subtract of the oxidoreductase)	The CoQ oxidoreductase FSP1 acts parallel to GPX4 to inhibit ferroptosis	[151]
HSPB1	heat shock 27 kDa protein 1	HSPB1 phosphorylation is negatively regulated and iron-mediated in the production of lipid ROS	[152]
VDR	Vitamin D receptor	VDR mediates the transcription of GPX4	[73]
NOX	NADPH oxidase activator	Produces ROS	[153, 154]
TfR1	Transferrin receptor protein 1	Mediates iron metabolism	[154, 155]
ACSL4	Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4	Regulates the synthesis of fatty acyl CoA	[137, 154]
CARS	Cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase	Involved in the trans-sulfuration and synthesis of GSH	[156]
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Mediates cellular growth, survival, adhesion, and differentiation	[157–159]
NCOA4	Nuclear receptor coactivator 4	Regulates iron metabolism	[160–162]
15LO	15-lipoxygenases	Catalyzes the formation of pro-ferroptotic 15-OOH-AA(HpETE)	[163, 164]
SLC7A11	Cysteine/glutamate antiporter solute carrier family 7 member 11	Regulates the uptake of cysteine and the release of glutamate	[165–167]
PEBP1	Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1	Inhibits the Ras/MEK/ERK cascade	[168]
miR-182-5p	microRNA-182-5p	miR-182-5p correlates reversely with GPX4	[169]
miR-378a-3p	microRNA-378a-3p	miR-378a-3p correlates reversely with SLC7A11	[169]