FIGURE 3.

2‐Deoxy‐D‐glucose (2‐DG) alleviates laminarin‐induced arthritis in SKG mice. (A) and (B) C57BL6 mice were injected with thioglycollate broth, and 4 days later, 15 mg/mouse of 2‐DG was administrated by oral gavage. (A) PECs from two mice at each time prepared at indicated periods after 2‐DG administration were subjected to gp130 immunoblotting. (B) MCP‐1 mRNA from peritoneal cells and livers of C57BL6 mice injected at 1 h before with 0.5 µg IL‐6/mouse was subjected to quantitative RT‐PCR. Results were analysed using one‐way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. ****p < .0001, ***p < .001, and **p  < .01. (C) Arthritis scores of SKG mice (n=10) under specific pathogen‐free conditions following a single intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg laminarin with or without 0.5% 2‐DG in drinking water. Results were analysed using two‐way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s post hoc test. *p < .05 (Laminarin 2‐DG(‐) vs. Laminarin 2‐DG(+) 8 and 9 weeks), **p < .01 (Laminarin 2‐DG(‐) vs. Laminarin 2‐DG(+) 7 weeks), and ***p < .001 (Laminarin 2‐DG(‐) vs. Laminarin 2‐DG(+) 10 weeks) were considered statistically significant. n.s.; not significant. Graphs are presented as the mean ±s.d. (n = 10). (D) Growth of mice in (C) was measured via body weight changes. Results were analysed using two‐way ANOVA and were not statistically significant. Graphs are presented as the mean ±s.d. (n = 10). (E) Photographs of wrists (upper panel) and ankles (lower panel) of SKG mice 12 weeks after laminarin injection with or without 2‐DG treatment. (F) Haematoxylin and eosin staining of ankle joints of SKG mice 12 weeks after laminarin injection as described in (C). (G) Quantitative real‐time PCR analysis of haptoglobin (HP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) mRNAs in the liver 12 weeks after laminarin injections as described in (C). Results were analysed using one‐way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ****p < .0001. Graphs are presented as the mean ±s.d. (n = 3)