Table 1.
Patient-related factors resulting in early postoperative shoulder stiffness.
| Non-stiff group (n = 235) |
Stiff group (n = 39) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 60.3 ± 8.15 | 62.1 ± 7.2 | 0.204 |
| Sex, male/female, n | 90/145 | 14/25 | 0.775 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.0 ± 3.1 | 25.2 ± 3.0 | 0.753 |
| Diabetes mellitus, yes/no, n | 21/214 | 8/31 | 0.030* |
| Thyroid disease, yes/no, n | 29/206 | 8/31 | 0.167 |
| Hyperlipidemia, yes/no, n | 20/215 | 4/35 | 0.759 |
| Duration of symptoms, months | 27.0 ± 32.5 | 26.1 ± 25.6 | 0.877 |
| Dominant arm. yes/no, n | 174/61 | 32/7 | 0.284 |
| History of trauma, yes/no, n | 46/189 | 5/34 | 0.183 |
| The intensity of labor | 0.361 | ||
|
Heavy Light Unemployed Etc |
91 61 80 3 |
13 9 17 0 |
|
| A level of sports activity | 0.599 | ||
|
No Overhead Contact Non-contact |
168 22 6 29 |
27 2 0 10 |
|
| Preoperative UCAL score | 17.1 ± 4.8 | 15.7 ± 4.3 | 0.090 |
| Preoperative VAS score | 5.9 ± 2.3 | 6.0 ± 2.3 | 0.778 |
| Preoperative ASES socre | 46.8 ± 17.6 | 44.0 ± 18.4 | 0.367 |
| Timing of rehabilitation, days | 24.1 ± 10.8 | 27.8 ± 13.3 | 0.110 |
BMI body mass index, UCLA University of California, Los Angeles, VAS visual analog scale, ASES American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons’ Scale.
*Statistically significant, p < 0.05.