a Scatter plot showing the positive association between the log-transformed values for maximum catalytic iron (Fec
max) concentration per patient and the corresponding SOFA scores of that day. b Boxplots showing the log-transformed Fec
max values of patients who passed away within 30 days and those who survived. c Boxplots showing the log-transformed Fec
max values of all patients grouped by the presence of sepsis, septic shock, or non-septic MODS. d Scatter plot showing the positive association between the log-transformed values for maximum MDA (MDAmax) concentration per patient and the corresponding SOFA scores of that day. e Boxplots showing the log-transformed MDAmax values of patients who passed away within 30 days and those who survived. f Boxplots showing the log-transformed MDAmax values of all patients grouped by the presence of sepsis, septic shock, or non-septic MODS. g Boxplots showing the log-transformed Fec values on the day of MDAmin (light blue) and MDAmax (dark blue) for each individual patient (gray lines). h Histogram representing the density distribution of MDAmax values for both the patients who survived (black) versus those who died (red) within 30 days. i Survival curves representing the patients with values of MDAmax < 2.85 µM (light blue) and MDAmax ≥ 2.85 µM (dark blue). Data were analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient for continuous variables (a, d), two-sided Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney (b, e), Kruskal–Wallis (omnibus), and two-sided Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney (pairwise) test (c, f), Paired two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test (g) and two-sided Log-Rank test (i). The full range of observations are plotted on all the boxplots, where the bottom, center, and top of the bounding box represent respectively the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles. The whiskers extend to a maximum of 1.5 times the interquartile range (IQR = Q3 − Q1) beyond the bounding box. N = 176 for all graphs. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.