Table 1.

General characteristics of the study population afflicted by postpartum depression in this study.

Variables		Postpartum depression						P-value
		Total		Yes		No
		N	%	N	%	N	%
Total		1,654	100.0	266	16.1	1,388	83.9
Social supporta	High	663	40.1	55	14.3	608	4.4	< .0001
	Moderate	892	53.9	173	65.0	719	51.8
	Low	99	6.0	38	20.7	61	43.8
Age (in years)	19–29	255	15.4	41	15.4	214	15.4	0.5318
	30–39	1,231	74.4	203	76.3	1,028	74.1
	40–44	168	10.2	22	8.3	146	10.5
Region	Urban area	1,347	81.4	217	81.6	1,130	81.4	0.9489
	Rural area	307	18.6	49	18.4	258	18.6
Education level	≤ High school	387	23.4	79	22.2	308	29.7	0.008
	≥ College	1,267	76.6	187	77.8	1,080	70.3
Household income	< 3,000$/month	417	25.2	92	34.6	325	23.4	0.0005
	3,000–4,999$/month	1,064	64.3	152	57.1	912	65.7
	≥ 5,000$/month	173	10.46	22	8.3	151	10.9
Current job	No	1,255	75.9	163	61.3	1,092	78.7	< .0001
	Yes	399	24.1	103	38.7	163	21.3
Parity	Primipara	645	39.0	98	36.8	547	39.4	0.4317
	Multipara	1,009	61.0	168	63.2	841	60.6
Pregnancy loss experience	None	1,301	78.7	212	79.7	1,089	78.5	0.6509
	Had	353	21.3	54	20.3	299	21.5
Current breastfeeding	Yes	866	52.4	116	43.6	750	54.0	0.0018
	No	788	47.6	150	56.4	638	46.0
Degree of parenting burden within the last month	Low	363	21.9	11	4.1	352	25.4	0.1926
	Moderate	949	57.4	159	59.8	790	56.9
	High	342	20.7	96	36.1	246	17.7
Subjective health status	High	1,162	70.2	140	52.6	1,022	73.6	< .0001
	Moderate	435	26.3	94	35.4	341	24.6
	Low	57	3.5	32	12.0	25	1.8
Perceived body image	Underweight	86	5.2	19	7.1	67	4.8	0.0114
	Normal	885	53.5	121	45.5	764	55.1
	Obese	683	41.3	126	47.4	557	40.1
Stress level	Low	292	17.7	17	6.4	275	19.8	< .0001
	Moderate	1,136	68.7	168	63.2	968	69.7
	High	226	13.6	81	30.4	145	10.5
Past diagnosis of depression	None	1,611	97.4	26	60.5	1,362	84.5	< .0001
	Had	43	2.6	17	39.5	249	15.5
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy	None	1,252	75.7	193	72.6	1,059	76.3	0.1926
	Had	402	24.3	73	27.4	329	23.7
Smoking experience	None	1,596	96.5	248	93.2	1,348	97.1	0.0016
	Had	58	3.5	18	6.8	40	2.9

^aSocial support: Total Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) score range from 12–24 (low), 25–36(moderate), 37–48 (high).

Boldface indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05).