Table 1.

Drugs targeting TNF or its receptor in clinical studies in patients with COVID-19.

Drug treatment	Mode of action	Patient category	Primary endpoint	Estimated	Trial/phase (as	Testing status
				enrollment	of 07/18/2021)
XPro1595	Soluble TNF inhibitor	COVID-19 with pulmonary complications	The proportion of participants who die or require mechanical ventilation.	366	NCT04370236, phase 2/3	Recruiting
CERC-002	LIGHT(TNFSF14) inhibitor	COVID-19 with mild to moderate ARDS	The proportion of patient alive and free of respiratory failure	82	NCT04412057, phase 2	Completed
Infliximab	Chimeric monoclonal anti-TNF antibody	COVID-19	Time to improvement in oxygenation	17	NCT04425538, phase 2	Completed
	Chimeric monoclonal anti-TNF antibody	COVID-19	28-day mortality	88	NCT04922827, phase 2	Recruiting
Tocilizumab /Infliximab	TNFα inhibitor (Infliximab)	COVID-19-associated Cytokine Storm Syndrome	Time to improvement in oxygenation	84	NCT04734678	Recruiting
Adamumab (Qletli)	TNFα inhibitor	Severe and critical COVID-19	Time to clinical improvement	30	ChiCTR2000030089	Not yet recruiting
Infliximab/vedolizumab	TNFα inhibitor (infliximab)	IBD and COVID-19	IgG and IgM anti SARS-CoV-2	850	NCT04344249	Recruiting