TABLE 1.
Cytological characteristics of Lycium species.
| Taxon | Code | Chromosome number | Karyotype | Tlb | c | r | A1 | A2 | St | R | References | |
| 1 | L. elongatum | Diploid | 24 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 25.01 | 2.08 | 1.22 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 1 A | − | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 1996 |
| 2 | L. afrum | Haploid | 12 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | Minne et al., 1994 |
| 3 | L. ameghinoi | Diploid | 24 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 20.2 | 1.7 | 1.23 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 2A | 1.7 | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 2005 |
| 4 | L. americanum | Diploid | 24 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 22.74 | 1.89 | 1.22 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 1 A | − | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 1996 |
| 5 | L. amoenum | Diploid | 24 | 10 m* + 2 sm | 26.76 | 2.23 | 1.29 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1A | 1.41 | Laura et al., 2010 |
| 6 | L. arenicolum | Triploid | 36 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | Minne et al., 1994 |
| 7 | L. barbarum | Diploid | 24 | 12 m | 49.99 | 4.17 | 1.23 | − | − | − | 1.51 | Chen J. et al., 2013 |
| 8 | L. bosciifolium | Diploid | 24 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 25.04 | 2.09 | 1.25 | 0.24 | 0.12 | 1A | 1.49 | Laura et al., 2010 |
| 9 | L. cestroides | Diploid | 24 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 25.78 | 2.14 | 1.22 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 1 A | − | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 1996 |
| Diploid | 24 | 11 mb + 1 sm | 19.19 | 1.6 | 1.21 | 0.15 | 0.14 | − | − | Bernardello et al., 1995 | ||
| 10 | L. chanar | Diploid | 24 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 22.68 | 1.89 | 1.17 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 2A | − | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 2002 |
| 11 | L. chinense | Diploid | 24 | 12 m | 50 | 4.17 | 1.31 | − | − | − | 1.93 | Chen J. et al., 2013 |
| 12 | L. chilense var. chilense | Diploid/Tetraploid | 24/48 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 20 | 1.7 | 1.14 | 0.1 | 0.13 | 1A | 1.52 | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 2005 |
| 13 | L. chilense var. confertifolium | Tetraploid | 48 | 22 m + 2 sm | 22.61 | 1.88 | − | − | − | − | − | Stiefkens et al., 2020 |
| 14 | L. chilense var. descolei | Diploid/Tetraploid | 24/48 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 23.9 | 2 | 1.19 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 1A | 1.46 | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 2005 |
| 15 | L. chilense var. Descolei | Tetraploid | 48 | 22 m + 2 sm | 26.32 | 2.19 | − | − | − | − | − | Stiefkens et al., 2020 |
| 16 | L. chilense var. filifolium | Diploid/Tetraploid | 24/48 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 30 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 1A | 1.51 | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 2005 |
| 17 | L. ciliatum | Diploid | 24 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 21.2 | 1.7 | 1.21 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 2A | 1.4 | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 2005 |
| Tetraploid | 48 | 22 m + 2 sm | 22.03 | 1.84 | − | − | − | − | − | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 2002 | ||
| 18 | L. ciliatum | Diploid | 24 | 11 mb + 1 sm | 20.57 | 1.71 | 1.24 | 0.17 | 0.11 | − | − | Bernardello et al., 1995 |
| 19 | L. cuneatum | Diploid | 24 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 20.34 | 1.69 | 1.18 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 2A | − | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 2002 |
| 20 | L. depressum | Diploid | 24 | 11 m + 1 sm | 56.48 | 4.71 | 1.44 | − | − | 2A | − | Sheidai et al., 1999 |
| Diploid | 24 | 12 m | 64.08 | 5.34 | 1.3 | − | − | 1A | − | Sheidai et al., 1999 | ||
| Diploid | 24 | 12 m | 67.18 | 5.60 | 1.83 | − | − | 1A | − | Sheidai et al., 1999 | ||
| 21 | L. ferocissimum | Diploid | 24 | 10 m* + 2 sm | 22.16 | 2.02 | 1.3 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 1A | 1.29 | Laura et al., 2010 |
| 22 | L. fremontii | Octaploid | 96 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | Chen J. et al., 2013 |
| 23 | L. fuscum | Diploid | 24 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 22.7 | 1.89 | 1.22 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 2A | − | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 2002 |
| 24 | L. gilliesianum | Diploid | 24 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 20.66 | 1.72 | 1.25 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 2A | − | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 2002 |
| 25 | L. horridum | Diploid | 24 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | Minne et al., 1994 |
| 26 | L. humile | Diploid | 24 | 11 m + 1 sm | 21.45 | 1.79 | 1.34 | 0.16 | 0.11 | - | 1.71 | Stiefkens et al., 2020 |
| 27 | L. infaustum | Diploid | 24 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 21.52 | 1.79 | 1.25 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 1 A | - | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 1996 |
| 28 | L. kopetdaghi | Diploid | 24 | 12 m | 50.91 | 4.24 | 1.38 | − | − | 1A | − | Sheidai et al., 1999 |
| 29 | L. makranicum | Diploid | 24 | 12 m | 51.36 | 4.28 | 1.32 | − | − | 1A | − | Sheidai et al., 1999 |
| 30 | L. minutifolium | Diploid | 24 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 24.93 | 2.07 | 1.21 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 1A | − | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 2002 |
| 31 | L. morongii | Diploid | 24 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 23.23 | 1.94 | 1.2 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 1A | − | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 2002 |
| 32 | L. nodosum | Diploid | 24 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 20.03 | 1.67 | 1.27 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 2A | − | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 2002 |
| 33 | L. oxycarpum | Diploid | 24 | 10 m* + 2 sm | 23.22 | 1.93 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.08 | 1A | 1.3 | Laura et al., 2010 |
| 34 | L. pallidum | Diploid | 24 | 10 m + 2 sm | 49.99 | 4.17 | 1.22 | − | − | − | 1.55 | Chen J. et al., 2013 |
| 35 | L. rachidocladum | Diploid | 24 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 28.01 | 2.33 | 1.28 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 1 A | − | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 1996 |
| 36 | L. repens | Hendecaploid | 132 | − | 22.68 | 1.89 | − | − | − | − | − | Stiefkens et al., 2020 |
| 37-1 | L. ruthenicum | Diploid | 24 | 9 m + 3 sm | 70.87 | 5.91 | 1.5 | − | − | 2A | − | Sheidai et al., 1999 |
| 37-2 | L. ruthenicum | Diploid | 24 | 9 m + 3 sm | 66.84 | 5.57 | 1.52 | − | − | 2A | − | Sheidai et al., 1999 |
| 37-3 | L. ruthenicum | Diploid | 24 | 12 m | 50.18 | 4.18 | 1.25 | − | − | − | 1.53 | Chen J. et al., 2013 |
| 38 | L. shawii | Diploid | 24 | 11 m + 1 sm | 40.92 | 3.41 | 1.35 | − | − | 2A | − | Sheidai et al., 1999 |
| 39 | L. stenophyllum | Diploid | 24 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 22.9 | 1.9 | 1.17 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 1A | − | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 2002 |
| 40 | L. tenue | Diploid | 24 | 10 m* + 2 sm | 21.65 | 1.8 | 1.28 | 0.18 | 0.1 | 2A | 1.43 | Laura et al., 2010 |
| 41 | L. tenuispinosum | Diploid | 24 | 11 m* + 1 sm | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 1996 |
| 42 | L. tenuispinosum var. friesii | Diploid | 24 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 25.29 | 2.10 | 1.21 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 1 A | − | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 1996 |
| 43 | L. tenuispinosum var. tenuispinosum | Diploid | 24 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 23.63 | 1.96 | 1.21 | 0.16 | 0.1 | 1 A | − | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 1996 |
| 44 | L. tenuispinosum var. calysinum | Diploid | 24 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 21.52 | 1.79 | 1.21 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 1 A | − | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 1996 |
| 45 | L. tetrandrum | Triploid | 36 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | Minne et al., 1994 |
| 46 | L. villosum | Diploid | 24 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | Minne et al., 1994 |
| 47 | L. vimineum | Diploid | 24 | 11 m* + 1 sm | 20.01 | 1.67 | 1.24 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 2A | - | Stiefkens and Bernardello, 2002 |
| 48 | L. australe | Diploid | 24 | 10 m + 2 sm | 31.43 | 2.62 | 1.25 | 0.16 | 0.12 | − | 1.61 | Stiefkens et al., 2020 |
| 49 | L. berlandieri | Diploid | 24 | 10 m + 2 sm | 38.7 | 3.23 | 1.36 | 0.22 | 0.12 | − | 1.55 | Stiefkens et al., 2020 |
| 50 | L. californicum | Diploid | 24 | 11 m + 1 sm | 29.8 | 2.48 | 1.19 | 0.14 | 0.1 | − | 1.46 | Stiefkens et al., 2020 |
| Tetraploid | 48 | 22 m + 2 sm | 39.65 | 3.3 | − | − | − | − | − | Stiefkens et al., 2020 | ||
| 51 | L. exsertum | Tetraploid | 48 | 20 m + 4 sm | 40.26 | 3.35 | − | − | − | − | − | Stiefkens et al., 2020 |
| 52 | L. fremontii | Decaploid | 120 | – | 29.24 | 2.44 | − | − | − | − | − | Stiefkens et al., 2020 |
| 53 | L. intricatum | Diploid | 24 | 10 m + 2 sm | 33.59 | 2.8 | 1.24 | 0.21 | 0.16 | - | 1.81 | Stiefkens et al., 2020 |
| 54 | L. pallidum | Diploid | 24 | 10 m + 2 sm | 29.98 | 2.5 | 1.37 | 0.25 | 0.11 | - | 1.49 | Stiefkens et al., 2020 |
| 55 | L. parishii | Diploid | 24 | 11 m + 1 sm | 30.67 | 2.55 | 1.15 | 0.12 | 0.08 | - | 1.36 | Stiefkens et al., 2020 |
| 56 | Lycium sp. | Tetraploid | 48 | 20 m + 4 sm | 24.52 | 2.04 | − | − | − | − | − | Stiefkens et al., 2020 |
| 57 | Hybrid (L. ciliaturn × L. cestroides) | Diploid | 24 | 11 mb + 1 sm | 22.23 | 1.85 | 1.22 | 0.16 | 0.13 | − | − | Bernardello et al., 1995 |
Tl, mean total haploid chromosome length; C, mean chromosome length; r, mean arm ratio. Mean asymmetry indices: A1, intrachromosomic; A2, interchromosomic; St, Stebbins’ (1971), category of asymmetry; R, ratio between largest and smallest chromosomes in complement. Lengths in μm. m, metacentric chromosome; sm, submetacentric chromosome. An asterisk indicates that the first chromosome pair has a satellite on the short arm.