. 2022 Jan 31;12(2):220. doi: 10.3390/life12020220

Table 2.

Three essentials in thrombosis and thrombogenesis.

1—Genesis of Primary Phenotypes of Thrombosis
(1) The phenotype is determined by the functional character of the injured vessel (i.e., vascular pressure and oxygen/CO₂ carrying function: arterial or venous vasculature) (2) The phenotype is determined by the location of the involved vessel (i.e., involved organ or tissue: brain, lungs, heart, liver, nerve, muscle etc.) (3) The phenotype is determined by the size of the vasculature (i.e., microvasculature and larger vessel: capillary/arteriole, venule, artery, vein) (4) The phenotype is determined by the depth of vascular wall injury (i.e., ECs, SET, and/or EVT)
2—Genesis of Secondary Phenotype of Thrombosis
(1) The secondary phenotype is influenced by the extent of vascular tree involvement (e.g., localized injury vs. disseminated injury: e.g., sepsis vs. local trauma) (2) The secondary phenotype is influenced by the underlying genetic disorder (e.g., thrombophilia: e.g., ADAMTS13 deficiency, protein C deficiency, FV-Leiden) (3) The secondary phenotype is influenced by the iatrogenic vascular injury (e.g., hospitalization related vascular injury such as surgery, and vascular device/access) (4) The secondary phenotype is influenced by inappropriate treatment (e.g., platelet transfusion [e.g., for ITP], or recombinant FVIIa treatment causing fibrin clot disease)
3—Basic and Combined Phenotypes of Thrombosis
(1) Microthrombosis, macrothrombosis, fibrin clot disease, and hematoma ^a (e.g., EA-VMTD, TTP-like syndrome, MODS, AT, ITP, isolated DVT, isolated PT, APL, hemarthrosis ^a) (2) Multiple combined micro-macrothrombosis (i.e., micro-macrothrombosis with gangrene: e.g., SPG, PDIS, ANF, acrocyanosis, Fournier’s disease; micro-macrothrombosis with VCCS: e.g., VTE, PTE, CVST) (3) Complex phenotypes with underlying VMTD and additional localized vascular injury and genetic thrombophilia (e.g., various phenotypes of “DIC” with microthrombosis and hepatic coagulopathy with/without thrombophilia, Kawasaki disease with inflammation, purpura fulminans)

Note: APL, acute promyelocytic leukemia; ANF, acute necrotizing fasciitis; AT arterial thrombosis; VCCS, venous circulatory congestion syndrome; CVST, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis; “DIC”, “false” disseminated intravascular coagulation; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; EA-VMTD, endotheliopathy-associated vascular microthrombotic diseases; ECs, endothelial cells; EVT, extravascular tissue; ITP, immune thrombocytopenic purpura; IVCT, inferior vena cava thrombosis; MODS, multiorgan dysfunction syndrome; PDIS, peripheral digit ischemic syndrome; PT, pulmonary thrombosis; PTE, pulmonary thromboembolism; SET, subendothelial tissue; SPG, symmetrical peripheral gangrene; TTP, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; VTE, venous thromboembolism; ^a indicates extravascular blood clots.