Table 5.

Classification of thrombosis based on its intrinsic character and different pathogenetic mechanisms.

Character Phenotypes	Microthrombosis	Macrothrombosis	Combined Micro-macrothrombosis
Vascular Tree System
Arterial	aEA-VMTD (e.g., TIA, TCIP, TTP-like syndrome, MODS such as DES, HUS, ANP, RML)	Arterial macrothrombosis (e.g., AIS, aortic thrombosis)	Gangrene (arterial combined MMT) (e.g., SPG, multiple digit gangrene, limb gangrene, PF, acrocyanosis, Burger’s disease, Fournier’s disease, necrotizing fasciitis, diabetic gangrene)
Venous	vEA-VMTD (e.g., ITP, TCIP, PNH, ARDS, hepatic VOD)	Venous macrothrombosis (e.g., distal DVT, solitary DVT)	Multiple DVT (venous combined MMT) (e.g., proximal/central DVT, VTE, PTE, CVST, IVCT, SVCT, SVT, PVT, Budd-Chiari syndrome)
Vascular Wall System
Involved vessel	Capillary/arteriole Venule Vasa vasorum	Small artery Vein -	Multiple small arterial vasculatures Multiple extended venous vasculatures
Thrombus character	Microthrombi strings	Macrothrombus	Microthrombi strings-fibrin meshes Combined micro-macrothrmbi
Pathogenetic factors	Endotheliopathy (ECs) (e.g., sepsis, diabetes)	Trauma (ECs +SET +/− EVT) (e.g., vascular access, surgery)	Endotheliopathy + traumatic vascular injury (e.g., sepsis + vascular access)
Damaged Vessel
Depth of injury	ECs	ECs + SET +/− EVT	ECs + SET +/− EVT
Location	Generalized or localized	Localized or solitary	Multiple or regionalized
Hemostatic components	ULVWF + platelet	ULVWF+TF + fibrin	ULVWF + TF + fibrin + NETs
Involved hemostatic path	ULVWF	ULVWF and TF	ULVWF, TF with NETosis

Note: aEA-VMTD; arterial endotheliopathy-associated vascular microthrombotic disease; vEA-VMTD, venous EA-VMTD; AIS, acute ischemic stroke; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CVST, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; ECs, endothelial cells; EVT, extravascular tissue; ITP, idiopathic (immune) thrombocytopenic purpura; IVCT, inferior vena cava thrombosis; MMT, micro-macrothrombosis; NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps; PVT, portal vein thrombosis; SET, subendothelial tissue; SPG, symmetrical peripheral gangrene; SVCT, superior vena cava thrombosis; SVT, splanchnic vein thrombosis; TCIP, thrombocytopenic in critically ill patients; TF, tissue factor; TIA, transient ischemic attack; VTE, venous thromboembolism; ULVWF, ultra large von Willebrand factor; VOD, veno-occlusive disease.