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. 2022 Jan 28;13(2):142. doi: 10.3390/insects13020142

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Olfactory signaling pathway of (A) Larva: At the larval stage, the odorant molecules are sensed by the dorsal organ (DO). The stimulus is then transferred to the larval antennal lobe (LAL) by the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) housed in the DO. From here onwards, through a grid of projection neurons (PNs) and local neurons (LNs) the electrical signal is projected to the larval brain to elicit a response; (B) Adult: In fruit flies, the olfactory signaling begins with the antennae and maxillary palps. The OSNs, with the help of odorant receptors (Ors), carry the olfactory cue to the antennal lobe (AL). From there on, through a network of PNs and LNs, the stimulus is transferred to the mushroom body (MB) and lateral horn (LH) to initiate a response (Modified from [34,50]).