Table 2.
Patients’ socio-behavioral characteristics: HAV exposure factors.
| HAV Exposure Categories | Total (n = 139) † |
Hepatitis A (Case Group) (n = 52) † |
Control Group (n = 87) † |
p-Value * | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | OR (95% CI) | p-Value ** | OR (95% CI) | p-Value ** | ||
| Parenteral factor | 0.056 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 63 | (45.99) | 18 | (34.62) | 45 | (52.94) |
0.42
(0.17;1.02) |
0.1254 |
0.46
(0.18; 1.17) |
0.1076 | |
| No | 74 | (54.01) | 34 | (65.38) | 40 | (47.06) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Injectable Remedies | 0.818 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 21 | (15.44) | 9 | (17.31) | 12 | (14.29) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 115 | (84.56) | 43 | (82.69) | 72 | (85.71) | - | - | - | - | |
| Inhalable Drugs | 1.000 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 14 | (10.29) | 5 | (9.62) | 9 | (10.71) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 122 | (89.71) | 47 | (90.38) | 75 | (89.29) | - | - | - | - | |
| Injectable Drugs | 0.698 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 2 | (1.47) | 0 | (0) | 2 | (2.38) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 134 | (98.53) | 52 | (100) | 82 | (97.62) | - | - | - | - | |
| Tattoos | 0.751 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 13 | (9.56) | 6 | (11.54) | 7 | (8.33) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 123 | (90.44) | 46 | (88.46) | 77 | (91.67) | - | - | - | - | |
| Piercings | 0.662 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 10 | (7.41) | 5 | (9.62) | 5 | (6.02) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 125 | (92.59) | 47 | (90.38) | 78 | (93.98) | - | - | - | - | |
| Dental treatment | 1.000 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 24 | (17.65) | 9 | (17.31) | 15 | (17.86) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 112 | (82.35) | 43 | (82.69) | 69 | (82.14) | - | - | - | - | |
| Blood transfusion | 0.063 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 8 | (5.93) | 0 | 0 | 8 | (9.41) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 127 | (94.07) | 50 | (100) | 77 | (90.59) | - | - | - | - | |
| Food-borne factors | 0.101 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 38 | (34.86) | 22 | (44) | 16 | (27.12) |
1.52
(0.62–3.82) |
0.2891 |
1.71
(0.62–4.82) |
0.2992 | |
| No | 71 | (65.14) | 28 | (56) | 43 | (72.88) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Raw meat consumption | 0.632 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 29 | (27.36) | 15 | (30.61) | 14 | (24.56) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 77 | (72.64) | 34 | (69.39) | 43 | (75.44) | - | - | - | - | |
| Raw vegetable consumption | 0.018 * | ||||||||||
| Yes | 9 | (9) | 8 | (17.39) | 1 | (1.85) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 91 | (91) | 38 | (82.61) | 53 | (98.15) | - | - | - | - | |
| Well water and/or cistern water consumption |
0.405 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 6 | (7.23) | 4 | (11.43) | 2 | (4.17) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 77 | (92.77) | 31 | (88.57) | 46 | (95.83) | - | - | - | - | |
| Water-borne factors | 0.410 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 40 | (37.38) | 22 | (42.31) | 18 | (32.73) |
1.53
(0.64–3.70) |
0.9041 |
0.97
(0.34–2.62) |
0.9464 | |
| No | 67 | (62.62) | 30 | (57.69) | 37 | (67.27) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Floodwater exposure | 0.786 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 12 | (11.88) | 7 | (13.73) | 5 | (10) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 89 | (88.12) | 44 | (86.27) | 45 | (90) | - | - | - | - | |
| Beach bathing | 1.000 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 19 | (18.27) | 10 | (19.23) | 9 | (17.31) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 85 | (81.73) | 42 | (80.77) | 43 | (82.69) | - | - | - | - | |
| River and/or lake bathing | 1.000 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 8 | (7.77) | 4 | (7.69) | 4 | (7.84) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 95 | (92.23) | 48 | (92.31) | 47 | (92.16) | - | - | - | - | |
| Well water supply | 0.263 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 3 | (3.03) | 3 | (5.88) | 0 | (0) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 96 | (96.97) | 48 | (94.12) | 48 | (100) | - | - | - | - | |
| Cistern water supply | 0.493 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 2 | (2.08) | 2 | (4.08) | 0 | (0) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 94 | (97.92) | 47 | (95.92) | 47 | (100) | - | - | - | - | |
| Piped water supply | 1.000 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 89 | (92.71) | 46 | (92) | 43 | (93.48) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 7 | (7.29) | 4 | (8) | 3 | (6.52) | - | - | - | - | |
| Sewage system | 0.752 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 90 | (93.75) | 46 | (92) | 44 | (95.65) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 6 | (6.25) | 4 | (8) | 2 | (4.35) | - | - | - | - | |
| Sexual Factors | 0.062 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 114 | (88.37) | 48 | (96) | 66 | (83.54) |
1.81
(0.33–13.59) |
0.9178 |
0.88
(0.15–6.99) |
0.8902 | |
| No | 15 | (11.63) | 2 | (4) | 13 | (16.46) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Oral Sex | 0.167 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 72 | (81.82) | 39 | (88.64) | 33 | (75) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 16 | (18.18) | 5 | (11.36) | 11 | (25) | - | - | - | - | |
| Oroanal sex | 0.826 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 32 | (46.38) | 19 | (44.19) | 13 | (50) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 37 | (53.62) | 24 | (55.81) | 13 | (50) | - | - | - | - | |
| Anal Sex | 0.323 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 58 | (68.24) | 34 | (73.91) | 24 | (61.54) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 27 | (31.76) | 12 | (26.09) | 15 | (38.46) | - | - | - | - | |
| ≥3 sexual partners | 0.004 * | ||||||||||
| Yes | 38 | (42.22) | 11 | (25.58) | 27 | (57.45) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 52 | (57.78) | 32 | (74.42) | 20 | (42.55) | - | - | - | - | |
| Vaginal Sex | 0.082 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 60 | (82.19) | 16 | (100) | 44 | (77.19) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 13 | (17.81) | 0 | (0) | 13 | (22.81) | - | - | - | - | |
| Unprotected sex | 0.980 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 89 | (79.46) | 36 | (78.26) | 53 | (80.3) | - | - | - | - | |
| No | 23 | (20.54) | 10 | (21.74) | 13 | (19.7) | - | - | - | - | |
| Travel to endemic region | 0.001 * | ||||||||||
| Yes | 19 | (18.81) | 15 | (34.09) | 4 | (7.02) |
6.90
(2.01–32.16) |
<0.01 ** |
7.19
(1.93–36.04) |
<0.01 ** | |
| No | 82 | (81.19) | 29 | (65.91) | 52 | (92.98) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Note: n = participants’ number; OR = Odds ratio; * Chi-square test (p < 0.05); ** Statistically significant in OR (p < 0.05); † The values can be less than the total value due to lack of information.