Table 3.
Relationship of personal characteristics to perceived stress, effort, reward, over-commitment subscales and effort-reward imbalance (Kruskal-Wallis H test & Mann-Whitney U test for post-hoc pairwise comparisons).*
| Personal | PSS-4 | Effort | Reward | Over-commitment | ERI | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| characteristics | M (range) | P | M (range) | P | M (range) | P | M (range) | P | M (range) | P |
| Gender | 0.859 | 0.540 | 0.001 | 0.280 | 0.081 | |||||
| Female | 4 (0-13) | 9 (3-15) | 22 (8-30) | 14 (6-24) | 0.80 (0.2-3.3) | |||||
| Male | 5 (0-13) | 8 (3-15) | 24 (6-30) | 14 (6-23) | 0.69 (0.2-4.7) | |||||
| Age (years) | 0.379 | 0.595 | 0.334 | 0.809 | 0.388 | |||||
| 18-35 (a) | 5 (0-13) | 8 (3-15) | 23 (9-30) | 14 (6-23) | 0.75 (0.2-3.3) | |||||
| 36-55 (b) | 4 (0-13) | 8.5 (3-15) | 22 (6-30) | 14 (7-22) | 0.79 (0.2-4.7) | |||||
| 56-65 (c) | 4 (0-9) | 7 (3-15) | 21 (13-28) | 13 (7-24) | 0.67 (0.2-2.2) | |||||
| Marital status | 0.952 | 0.044* | 0.415 | 0.250 | 0.134 | |||||
| Single (a) | 4 (1-11) | 8 (3-15) | a-b | 23 (10-30) | 14 (7-23) | 0.70 (0.2-2.7) | ||||
| Married or in relationship (b) | 5 (0-13) | 9 (3-15) | 22 (8-30) | 14 (6-24) | 0.80 (0.2-3.3) | |||||
| Divorced or widowed (c) | 4 (0-9) | 7 (3-15) | 22 (6-29) | 14 (8-22) | 0.67 (0.2-4.7) | |||||
| Education | 0.160 | 0.021 | 0.042 | 0.006 | 0.425 | |||||
| Primary or secondary school | 5 (0-10) | 8 (3-15) | 21 (6-30) | 13 (6-24) | 0.72 (0.2-4.7) | |||||
| University | 4 (0-13) | 9 (3-15) | 23 (8-30) | 14 (6-23) | 0.76 (0.2-3.3) | |||||
| Type of job | 0.264 | 0.002* | 0.017* | 0.009* | 0.141 | |||||
| Healthcare professional (a) | 4 (0-13) | 8 (3-15) | a-db-dc-d | 22 (8-30) | 14 (6-21) | a-db-dc-d | 0.78 (0.2-3.3) | |||
| Academic personnel (b) | 5 (1-11) | 7 (3-13) | 24.5 (10-30) | 14 (6-19) | 0.65 (0.2-2.2) | |||||
| Other (c) | 5 (1-11) | 7.5 (3-15) | 22 (8-30) | 13 (7-24) | 0.72 (0.2-3.3) | |||||
| Mixed (d) | 4 (0-13) | 10 (3-15) | 23.5 (11-30) | 15 (9-23) | 0.86 (0.2-2.7) | |||||
| Musculoskeletal disorder | 0.015 | 0.037 | 0.001 | 0.013 | 0.011 | |||||
| Yes | 5 (0-13) | 9 (3-15) | 21 (6-30) | 14 (7-24) | 0.82 (0.2-4.7) | |||||
| No | 4 (0-13) | 8 (3-15) | 24 (9-30) | 14 (6-21) | 0.67 (0.2-3.3) | |||||
| Chronic disease | 0.722 | 0.854 | 0.005 | 0.045 | 0.277 | |||||
| Yes | 4.5 (0-11) | 9 (3-15) | 21 (8-30) | 14 (7-24) | 0.79 (0.2-3.3) | |||||
| No | 4 (0-13) | 8 (3-15) | 23 (9-30) | 14 (6-23) | 0.74 (0.2-3.3) | |||||
| Self-reported health | 0.001* | 0.044* | 0.001* | 0.043* | 0.001* | |||||
| Poor (a) | 7 (7-13) | a-db-dc-db-c Non- | 9 (6-14) | b-d | 12 (10-13) | a-da-cb-cb-dc-d | 15 (15-16) | 1.80 (0.9-2.3) | a-db-dc-d | |
| Average (b) | 6 (0-12) | 9 (3-15) | 21 (6-29) | 14.5 (7-23) | 0.83 (0.2-4.7) | |||||
| Good (c) | 4 (0-13) | 9 (3-15) | 22 (9-30) | 14 (6-21) | 0.76 (0.2-3.3) | |||||
| Very good (d) | 3 (0-9) | 6 (3-15) | 25 (10-30) | 13 (7-24) | 0.49 (0.2-2.7) | |||||
M, median; range, minimum-maximum value; PSS-4, perceived stress scale four items; ERI, effort-reward imbalance; *pairs of personal characteristic groups (indicated with a, b, c or d) with statistically significant differences are listed under the p-values.