Table 3. Factors Contributing to the Rate of VF MD Change Over Time by Univariable and Multivariable Mixed-Effects Model Analysis.
Factor | Univariable model | Multivariable model 1 | Multivariable model 2 | Multivariable model 3 | Multivariable model 4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | |
Overall | ||||||||||
Intercept | NA | NA | −7.48 (−15.17 to 0.22) | .06 | −1.73 (−7.86 to 4.30) | .57 | −8.03 (−15.80 to −0.25) | .04 | −1.72 (−7.95 to 4.50) | .59 |
Age, per 10 y older | −0.02 (−0.11 to 0.07) | .68 | −0.02 (−0.12 to 0.08) | .71 | −0.03 (−0.12 to 0.06) | .55 | −0.03 (−0.13 to 0.08) | .59 | −0.03 (−0.13 to 0.06) | .46 |
Female sex | 0.01 (−0.19 to 0.22) | .89 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
African American race | 0.13 (−0.11 to 0.38) | .28 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Self-reported diabetes | 0.02 (−0.27 to 0.32) | .88 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Self-reported hypertension | 0.13 (−0.08 to 0.33) | .24 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
MOPP, per 1 mm Hg lower | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.02) | .19 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Axial length, per 1 mm longer | 0.06 (−0.04 to 0.16) | .23 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
CCT, per 100 μm thinner | −0.10 (0.18 to −0.38) | .48 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Baseline IOP, per 1 mm Hg higher | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.02) | .48 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Mean IOP during follow-up, per 1 mm Hg higher | −0.04 (−0.07 to −0.01) | .006 | −0.04 (−0.10 to 0.02) | .16 | −0.04 (−0.10 to 0.01) | .10 | −0.03 (−0.09 to 0.02) | .22 | −0.04 (−0.10 to 0.01) | .12 |
Concurrent VF MD rate (dB/y) | 1.50 (1.08 to 1.91) | <.001 | NA | NA | 1.44 (0.98 to 1.89) | <.001 | NA | NA | 1.51 (1.01 to 2.02) | <.001 |
Follow-up period, per 1 y longer | −0.03 (−0.20 to 0.14) | .75 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
No. of VF follow-up visits | −0.01 (−0.08 to 0.06) | .75 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
SSI, per 1 higher | 0.00 (−0.01 to 0.02) | .96 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
OCT progressor group | ||||||||||
Intercept (baseline: slow) | −0.19 (−0.33 to −0.04) | .01 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Fast − slow | −0.20 (−0.41 to 0.00) | .05 | NA | NA | NA | NA | −0.14 (−0.29 to 0.01) | .06 | −0.08 (−0.20 to 0.04) | .21 |
OCTA progressor group | ||||||||||
Intercept (baseline: slow) | −0.15 (−0.29 to −0.01) | .03 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Fast − slow | −0.28 (−0.48 to −0.08) | .006 | −0.28 (−0.49 to −0.07) | .008 | −0.17 (−0.33 to −0.01) | .04 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Abbreviations: CCT, central corneal thickness; IOP, intraocular pressure; MD, mean deviation; MOPP, mean ocular perfusion pressure; NA, not applicable; OCTA, optical coherence tomography angiography; SSI, signal strength index; VF, visual field.