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. 2022 Feb 24;140(4):319–326. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.6433

Table 3. Factors Contributing to the Rate of VF MD Change Over Time by Univariable and Multivariable Mixed-Effects Model Analysis.

Factor Univariable model Multivariable model 1 Multivariable model 2 Multivariable model 3 Multivariable model 4
β (95% CI) P value β (95% CI) P value β (95% CI) P value β (95% CI) P value β (95% CI) P value
Overall
Intercept NA NA −7.48 (−15.17 to 0.22) .06 −1.73 (−7.86 to 4.30) .57 −8.03 (−15.80 to −0.25) .04 −1.72 (−7.95 to 4.50) .59
Age, per 10 y older −0.02 (−0.11 to 0.07) .68 −0.02 (−0.12 to 0.08) .71 −0.03 (−0.12 to 0.06) .55 −0.03 (−0.13 to 0.08) .59 −0.03 (−0.13 to 0.06) .46
Female sex 0.01 (−0.19 to 0.22) .89 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
African American race 0.13 (−0.11 to 0.38) .28 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Self-reported diabetes 0.02 (−0.27 to 0.32) .88 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Self-reported hypertension 0.13 (−0.08 to 0.33) .24 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
MOPP, per 1 mm Hg lower 0.01 (0.00 to 0.02) .19 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Axial length, per 1 mm longer 0.06 (−0.04 to 0.16) .23 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
CCT, per 100 μm thinner −0.10 (0.18 to −0.38) .48 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Baseline IOP, per 1 mm Hg higher −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.02) .48 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Mean IOP during follow-up, per 1 mm Hg higher −0.04 (−0.07 to −0.01) .006 −0.04 (−0.10 to 0.02) .16 −0.04 (−0.10 to 0.01) .10 −0.03 (−0.09 to 0.02) .22 −0.04 (−0.10 to 0.01) .12
Concurrent VF MD rate (dB/y) 1.50 (1.08 to 1.91) <.001 NA NA 1.44 (0.98 to 1.89) <.001 NA NA 1.51 (1.01 to 2.02) <.001
Follow-up period, per 1 y longer −0.03 (−0.20 to 0.14) .75 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
No. of VF follow-up visits −0.01 (−0.08 to 0.06) .75 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
SSI, per 1 higher 0.00 (−0.01 to 0.02) .96 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
OCT progressor group
Intercept (baseline: slow) −0.19 (−0.33 to −0.04) .01 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Fast − slow −0.20 (−0.41 to 0.00) .05 NA NA NA NA −0.14 (−0.29 to 0.01) .06 −0.08 (−0.20 to 0.04) .21
OCTA progressor group
Intercept (baseline: slow) −0.15 (−0.29 to −0.01) .03 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Fast − slow −0.28 (−0.48 to −0.08) .006 −0.28 (−0.49 to −0.07) .008 −0.17 (−0.33 to −0.01) .04 NA NA NA NA

Abbreviations: CCT, central corneal thickness; IOP, intraocular pressure; MD, mean deviation; MOPP, mean ocular perfusion pressure; NA, not applicable; OCTA, optical coherence tomography angiography; SSI, signal strength index; VF, visual field.