Table 2.
Phytochemical compounds in various parts of C. hystrix.
| Plant Part | Type | Phytochemical | Potential Activity * | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leaves | Monoterpenoids | Citronellal | Antimicrobial | [20] |
| Linalool oxide | [21] | |||
| Citronellol | ||||
| Terpeneol | ||||
| Geraniol | ||||
| α-Thujene | ||||
| α-Cubene | ||||
| β-Cubene | ||||
| Diterpene | Phytol | Antileukemic | [22] | |
| Triterpene | Lupeol | Antileukemic | [21,22,23] | |
| Agrostophillinol | Anti-inflammatory | [18] | ||
| Squalene | [21] | |||
| Tetranortriterpenoids (limonins) |
Limonexin | [24] | ||
| Limonexic acid | ||||
| Limonin | Antibacterial | |||
| Sesquiterpenes | Spathulenol | [21] | ||
| Nerolidol | ||||
| Germacrene | ||||
| Caryophyllene oxide |
||||
| Longipinenepoxide | ||||
| α-Cedrane | ||||
| Globulol | ||||
| Phytosterols | Stigmasterol | |||
| Sitosterol | ||||
| Lanost-7-en-3-one | ||||
| Glyceroglycolipids | l,2-di-O-a-linolenoyl-3-O-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol l-O-a-Linolenoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol |
Viral tumor- promoting inhibitors |
[25] | |
| Phenol | α-Tocopherol | Antioxidant | [21,26] | |
| Flavonoids | Cyanidin | Antioxidant | [27,28] | |
| Myricetin | ||||
| Peonidin | ||||
| Quercetin | ||||
| Luteolin | ||||
| Hesperetin | ||||
| Apigenin | ||||
| Isorhamnetin | ||||
| Hesperidin | [7] | |||
| Diosmin | ||||
| Apiin | ||||
| Saponarin | ||||
| Apigetrin | ||||
| Rutin | ||||
| Eriodictyol rutinoside |
[28] | |||
| Eriodictyol neohesperidoside |
||||
| Phloretin | ||||
| Diosmetin | ||||
| Roots | Coumarins | Hystrixarin | [7,24,29] | |
| Hopeyhopin | ||||
| Peroxytamarin | ||||
| Tamarin | Antibacterial | |||
| Trans-decursidinol | ||||
| Suberosin | ||||
| Scoparone | ||||
| Scopoletin | ||||
| Umbelliferone | ||||
| cis-Khellactone | ||||
| Oxypeucedanin hydrate | ||||
| cis-Casegravol | ||||
| Citrusarin A-B | ||||
| Seselin | ||||
| 5-Hydroxy-seselin | ||||
| Dipetalolactone | ||||
| Xanthyletin | ||||
| Osthenol | ||||
| Isoimperatorin | ||||
| Xanthotoxol | ||||
| Benzenoid | Hystroxene-I | |||
| Quinolinone | Hystrolinone 1-Methyl-2-n-nonyl-4-quinolinone |
|||
| Cinnamyl alcohol | Etrogol | |||
| Alkyl phenylketones |
Xanthoxylin (Brevifolin) | Antibacterial | ||
| Flavonoids | Crenulatin | |||
| Yukovanol | Antibacterial | |||
| P-hydroxy-benzaldehyde | ||||
| Acridone | Baiyumine-A | |||
| 5-Hydroxy-noracronycine | Anti-HIV-1 protease Antioxidant |
|||
| Citracridone-I | ||||
| Citpressine-I | ||||
| Citramine | ||||
| Benzoic acid | Valencic acid | |||
| p-Hydroxybenzoic acid | ||||
| Lignan | Syringaresinol | Antioxidant Antibacterial |
||
| Suberin | 20,30-dihydroxydihydrosuberin | |||
| Phenolic | Vanillic acid | |||
| Tyrosol | ||||
| Rinds | Coumarins | Citrusosides B–D | Anticholinesterase | [30] |
| Oxypeucedanin methanolate |
[31] | |||
| Oxypeucedanin hydrate |
||||
| Isoimperatorin | ||||
| Oxypeucedanin | ||||
| Pabulenol | ||||
| Bergamottin | ||||
| Hydroxy-7′-methoxy-bergamottin | ||||
| 6′,7′-dihydroxy-bergamottin | ||||
| 7-hydroxycoumarin | ||||
| Umbelliferone | α-Amylase inhibitor | [32] | ||
| Bergamottin | [33] | |||
| Oxypeucedanin | ||||
| Citrusoside E-G | ||||
| Citrusoside H | Anticholinesterase | |||
| Citrusoside I-O | ||||
| Bergaptol | Antioxidant Anticholinesterase Antitumor α-Amylase inhibitor |
[32] | ||
| Isoimperatorin | Antioxidant Antitumor α-Amylase inhibitor |
|||
| Pectin | Anhydrouronic acid (85%) | [34] | ||
| Monoterpenes | β-pinene Limonene Sabinene |
Antimicrobial | [20] | |
| Tetranor-triterpenoids | Limonin | Metal chelator α-Amylase inhibitor |
[32] | |
| Acridone | Citracridone I | Antioxidant Metal chelator Antitumor α-Amylase inhibitor |
||
| Phytosterol | Daucosterol | Antioxidant Antitumor α-Amylase inhibitor |
||
| Stigmasterol | Antioxidant Metal chelator Antitumor α-Amylase inhibitor |
|||
| Flavonoids | Trihydroxypyranoflavone | α-Amylase inhibitor Anticholinesterase Antitumor |
||
| Dimethyl-6-prenylpyranoflavone | Anticholinesterase Antitumor α-Amylase inhibitor |
|||
| Tangeretin | Antioxidant Antitumor α-Amylase inhibitor |
|||
| Nobiletin | Antioxidant Metal chelator Antitumor α-Amylase inhibitor |
|||
| Tetramethoxyflavone | Antioxidant Metal chelator Antitumor α-Amylase inhibitor |
|||
| Natsudaidain | Antioxidant Metal chelator |
|||
| Quercetin | [19] | |||
| Hesperidin | ||||
| Hesperitin | [33] | |||
| Fruits | Coumarins | Bergamottin | Nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor, antitumor |
[25,31] |
| Oxypeucedanin | Nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor |
|||
| 5-[(6′,7′-Dihydroxy-3′,7′-dimethyl-2-octenyl)oxy]psoralen | ||||
| Twig Essential oil | Monoterpenes | β-citronellal | [35] | |
| 4-Terpeneol | ||||
| L-linalool | ||||
| β-Citronellol | ||||
| Citronelyl acetate | ||||
| Sabinene | ||||
| β-Pinene | ||||
| β-Micrene | ||||
| Tran-β-ocimene | ||||
| (-)-Isopulegol | ||||
| Cis-Linalol oxide | ||||
| Sesquiterpenes | Trans-β-caryopilene | |||
| Nerolidol | ||||
| Leaf essential oil | Monoterpenes | α-Pinene | [36,37,38,39] | |
| Camphene | ||||
| β-Pinene | ||||
| β-Myrcene | ||||
| α-Phellandrene | ||||
| β-Phellandrene | ||||
| β-Car-3-ene | ||||
| p-Cymene | ||||
| Limonene | ||||
| 1,8-Cineole | ||||
| p-Mentha-2,4(8)-diene | ||||
| Linalool | ||||
| endo-Fenchol | ||||
| cis-p-Menth-2-en-ol | ||||
| Sabinene | ||||
| α-Terpinene | ||||
| (E)-β-Ocimene | ||||
| γ-Terpinene | ||||
| Terpinolene | ||||
| trans-p-Menth-2-en-ol | ||||
| p-Menth-8-en-3-ol | ||||
| Citronellal | ||||
| Geranial | ||||
| Isopulegol | ||||
| Isoneopulegol | ||||
| Borneol | ||||
| Terpinen-4-ol | ||||
| p-Cymen-8-ol | ||||
| Geranyl acetate | ||||
| α-Terpineol | ||||
| Myrtenol | ||||
| trans-Piperitol | ||||
| Citronellol | ||||
| Geraniol | ||||
| Bornyl acetate | ||||
| Carvacrol | ||||
| Citronellyl acetate | ||||
| Neryl acetate | ||||
| trans-p-Menth-6-ene-2,8-diol | ||||
| Sesquiterpenes | α-Copaene | |||
| cis-Cadina-1,4-diene | ||||
| Hedycaryol | ||||
| Caryophyllene oxide | ||||
| Cubenol | ||||
| β-Eudesmol | ||||
| (E)-β-Caryophyllene | ||||
| trans-α-Bergamotene | ||||
| α-Humulene | ||||
| Germacrene D | ||||
| Bicyclogermacrene | ||||
| (E,E)-α-Farnesene | ||||
| β-Bisabolene | ||||
| δ-Cadinene | ||||
| (E)-Nerolidol | ||||
| Spathulenol | ||||
| Globulol | ||||
| Rind essential oil | Monoterpenes | α-Thujene | [38] | |
| α-Pinene | ||||
| Camphene | ||||
| Sabinene | ||||
| β-Pinene | ||||
| Myrcene | ||||
| p-Cymene | ||||
| β-Phellandrene | ||||
| Limonene | ||||
| trans-Linalool oxide | ||||
| Linalool | ||||
| Citronellal | ||||
| Terpinen-4-ol | ||||
| α-Terpineol | ||||
| trans-Carveol | ||||
| Citronellol | ||||
| Geranyl acetate | ||||
| Sesquiterpenes | α-Copaene | |||
| β-Elemene | ||||
| δ-Cadinene | ||||
| Ester | Hexyl hexanoate |
* The activity that was screened by the respective studies.