Table 3.

Studies of C. hystrix on diabetes mellitus.

Plant Extract	Model	Outcomes	Study
Rinds and pulps (Powdered form)	In vitro	↑ glucose adsorption capacity ↓ glucose dialysis retardation index ↓ starch digestibility	[43]
Rinds (Ethyl acetate fraction and water residue)	In vitro	↓ α-amylase activity ↓ α-glucosidase activity ↓ Starch digestibility	[44]
Fresh fruit juice	In vitro	↓ α-amylase activity ↓ α-glucosidase activity Almost comparable to acarbose	[45]
Rinds (Ethanol)	In vitro	↓ α-amylase activity	[46]
Leaves (Ethanol)	In vivo STZ-induced diabetes in rats	Extract at 150 and 300 mg/kg bw in drinking water for 8 weeks: ↓ fasting blood glucose ↓ cataract incidence ↓ oxidative stress and inflammation ↓ vascular leakage	[7]
Fruit juice in combination with other extracts (functional drink)	In vivo STZ-induced diabetes in rats	Functional drink (18.2 mL/kg bw) for 14 days: ↓ fasting blood glucose ↑ pancreatic β-cell viability ↑ Langerhans islet viability	[47]

bw, body weight; STZ, streptozotocin, ↓, reduced; ↑, increased.