Table 2.
Artificial Pancreas Evaluation Metric Mean and Standard Deviation Values from Simulation Experiments During the Four Hours After Meals.
| Controller | MPC | MS-MPC | MPC + BPS | MS-MPC + BPS | ANOVA P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <50 mg/dL (%) | 0.00 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.15 | 1.00 |
| <60 mg/dL (%) | 0.01 ± 0.08 | 0.03 ± 0.16 | 0.01 ± 0.06 | 0.08 ± 0.33 | <.001 |
| <70 mg/dL (%) | 0.03 ± 0.17 | 0.08 ± 0.33 | 0.06 ± 0.32 | 0.17 ± 0.53 | <.001 |
| 70-140 mg/dL (%) | 23.02 ± 18.78 | 27.79 ± 22.09 | 25.67 ± 18.92 | 31.24 ± 22.28 | <.001 |
| 70-180 mg/dL (%) | 51.79 ± 26.12 | 54.83 ± 26.00 | 56.95 ± 25.83 | 60.73 ± 25.39 | <.001 |
| >180 mg/dL (%) | 48.18 ± 26.09 | 45.09 ± 25.96 | 42.99 ± 25.81 | 39.10 ± 25.32 | <.001 |
| >250 mg/dL (%) | 17.87 ± 19.85 | 16.61 ± 19.28 | 13.77 ± 18.46 | 12.46 ± 17.91 | <.001 |
| >300 mg/dL (%) | 8.68 ± 14.73 | 8.13 ± 14.34 | 6.69 ± 13.77 | 6.19 ± 13.16 | <.001 |
| Mean (mg/dL) | 197.2 ± 54.4 | 191.1 ± 54.2 | 188.6 ± 54.4 | 181.7 ± 52.3 | <.001 |
| SD (mg/dL) | 53.87 ± 30.73 | 54.59 ± 30.37 | 49.67 ± 32.03 | 50.00 ± 30.96 | <.001 |
| CV (%) | 25.69 ± 9.09 | 26.97 ± 8.95 | 24.61 ± 8.96 | 25.83 ± 8.76 | <.001 |
| Insulin delivered (U) | 3.52 ± 1.92 | 3.61 ± 1.98 | 3.67 ± 2.07 | 3.79 ± 2.13 | <.001 |
The ANOVA P value tests the hypothesis that at least one condition is different from the others.
Abbreviations: MPC, model predictive control; MS, multistage; BPS, bolus priming system; ANOVA = analysis of variance; SD, standard deviation; CV, coefficient of variation.