Table 3.
Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by tertiles of lean fish consumption, including hake, pollack, common ling, dab, haddock, sole, whiting, and/or cod (N = 62,629).
| Daily Lean Fish Consumption | Non-Cases N (%) |
RA N (%) |
Model 1 HR (95% CI) |
Model 2 HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All population | N = 62,149 | N = 480 | ||
| Tertile 1 (0–5.14 g/day) | 20750 (33.39) | 159 (33.13) | Reference | Reference |
| Tertile 2 (5.14–16.7 g/day) | 20701 (33.31) | 164 (34.17) | 1.01 [0.82; 1.26]; p = 0.89 | 1.03 [0.83; 1.28]; p = 0.80 |
| Tertile 3 (16.7–181.8 g/day) | 20698 (33.30) | 157 (32.71) | 0.95 [0.76; 1.18]; p = 0.64 | 0.96 [0.77; 1.20]; p = 0.71 |
| ptrend | 0.6104 | 0.6708 | ||
| Non-smokers | N = 33,314 | N = 244 | ||
| Tertile 1 (0–5.14 g/day) | 11063 (33.21) | 77 (31.56) | Reference | Reference |
| Tertile 2 (5.14–16.7 g/day) | 11291 (33.89) | 85 (34.84) | 1.06 [0.78; 1.45]; p = 0.70 | 1.07 [0.79; 1.46]; p = 0.65 |
| Tertile 3 (16.7–181.8 g/day) | 10960 (32.90) | 82 (33.61) | 1.02 [0.75; 1.39]; p = 0.91 | 1.03 [0.76; 1.41]; p = 0.84 |
| ptrend | 0.9455 | 0.8800 | ||
| Smokers (current or former) | N = 28,835 | N = 236 | ||
| Tertile 1 (0–5.14 g/day) | 9687 (33.59) | 82 (34.75) | Reference | Reference |
| Tertile 2 (5.14–16.7 g/day) | 9410 (32.63) | 79 (33.47) | 0.97 [0.71; 1.33]; p = 0.87 | 0.99 [0.73; 1.35]; p = 0.97 |
| Tertile 3 (16.7–181.8 g/day) | 9738 (33.77) | 75 (31.78) | 0.88 [0.64; 1.21]; p = 0.43 | 0.89 [0.65; 1.22]; p = 0.46 |
| ptrend | 0.4171 | 0.4413 |
M1: Adjusted for age (as the time scale) and total daily intake except alcohol (kcal/d). M2: M1 and adjusted on body mass index (kg/m2) (<18.5 kg/m2, 18.5–25 kg/m2, 25–30 kg/m2, ≥30 kg/m2), cigarette smoking (current smoker, former smoker, or non-smoker, except for stratified analyses), exposure to passive smoking in childhood (no, yes), gastrointestinal transit (normal, diarrhoea, constipation, alternating diarrhoea/constipation), educational level (<high school, up to two-level university, three-level university or more), and physical activity (in quartiles of metabolic equivalents of task per week).