Table 4.
Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by tertiles of oily fish consumption including sardine, mackerel, salmon, trout, and/or tuna (N = 62,629).
| Daily Oily Fish Consumption | Non-Cases N (%) |
RA N (%) |
Model 1 HR (95% CI) |
Model 2 HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All population | N = 62,149 | N = 480 | ||
| Tertile 1 (0–5.7 g/day) | 20,794 (33.46) | 171 (35.63) | Reference | Reference |
| Tertile 2 (5.7–14.3 g/day) | 20,736 (33.36) | 138 (28.75) | 0.81 [0.65; 1.01]; p = 0.06 | 0.81 [0.65; 1.02]; p = 0.07 |
| Tertile 3 (14.3–261 g/day) | 20,619 (33.18) | 171 (35.63) | 1.01 [0.81; 1.25]; p = 0.95 | 1.01 [0.81; 1.25]; p = 0.96 |
| ptrend | 0.5766 | 0.5868 | ||
| Non-smokers | N = 33,314 | N = 244 | ||
| Tertile 1 (0–5.7 g/day) | 11,570 (34.73) | 90 (36.89) | Reference | Reference |
| Tertile 2 (5.7–14.3 g/day) | 11,066 (33.22) | 61 (25.00) | 0.70 [0.51; 0.98]; p = 0.03 | 0.71 [0.51; 0.98]; p = 0.04 |
| Tertile 3 (14.3–261 g/day) | 10,678 (32.05) | 93 (38.11) | 1.10 [0.82; 1.48]; p = 0.51 | 1.12 [0.84; 1.50]; p = 0.45 |
| ptrend | 0.2026 | 0.1732 | ||
| Smokers (current or former) | N = 28,835 | N = 236 | ||
| Tertile 1 (0–5.7 g/day) | 9224 (31.99) | 81 (34.32) | Reference | Reference |
| Tertile 2 (5.7–14.3 g/day) | 9670 (33.54) | 77 (32.63) | 0.91 [0.66; 1.24]; p = 0.55 | 0.91 [0.67; 1.24]; p = 0.55 |
| Tertile 3 (14.3–261 g/day) | 9941 (34.48) | 78 (33.05) | 0.90 [0.66; 1.23]; p = 0.50 | 0.88 [0.65; 1.21]; p = 0.44 |
| ptrend | 0.5575 | 0.4887 |
M1: Adjusted for age (as the time scale) and total daily intake except alcohol (kcal/day). M2: M1 and adjusted on body mass index (kg/m2) (<18.5 kg/m2, 18.5–25 kg/m2, 25–30 kg/m2, ≥30 kg/m2), cigarette smoking (current smoker, former smoker, or non-smoker, except for stratified analyses), exposure to passive smoking in childhood (no, yes), gastrointestinal transit (normal, diarrhoea, constipation, alternating diarrhoea/constipation), educational level (<high school, up to two-level university, three-level university or more), and physical activity (in quartiles of metabolic equivalents of task per week).