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Effects of pH conditions on colors of anthocyanins: R1 = R2 = OH/O-CH3/OC(O)CH3; R3 = glycoside; (a) quinonoid base (pH 8–10) changes to, (b) flavylium cation (pH < 2, red to orange color), (c) carbinol pseudo-base (pH range 3–6, colorless), (d) chalcone pseudo-base (high pH, pale yellow to colorless). The X− refer to the anionic entity, usually a halide ion.
