Table 3.

Anthocyanins-rich fractions/extracts of plants as liver-protecting agents against experimentally induced liver injuries.

Plant’s Name	Used Extracts, and/or Pure Compounds	In Vivo/In Vitro Models and Bioactivity	Major Anthocyanins	Biomarkers, and Mode/Mechanism of Action	Refer
Morus alba, and species	Mulberry anthocyanins	CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride), in vivo model. Hepatoprotection	Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside	Decreased the ALT (alanine transaminase), AST (aspartate transaminase), hyaluronidase, hydroxyproline, and collagen type-III in the injured rats	[293]
Ipomoea batatas L.	Anthocyanins rich purple sweet potato extract	CCl4, in vivo model. Hepatoprotection	Peonidin-3-caffeoyl-feruloyl sophoroside-5-glucosid, peonidin 3-caffeoyl-p-hydroxy benzoyl sophoroside-5-glucoside, peonidin 3-dicaffeoyl sophoroside-5-glucoside	Reduced the AST and ALT enzymes and MDA (malondialdehyde) level; Increased the SOD (superoxide dismutase), and GSH (glutathione) levels compared to the injured CCl4 administered group of animals	[295]
Oryza sativa	Anthocyanins rich black rice bran extract	CCl4, in vivo model. Hepatoprotection	Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside, and peonidin-3-O-glucoside	Reduced aminotransferase activity in serum, enhanced SOD and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and 8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine levels significantly decreased as compared to the CCl4 intoxicated group. Liver histopathology confirmed pathological gains by ARBE administration	[186]
Ipomoea batatas	Anthocyanins rich fraction of purple sweet potato extract	In vivo, ethanol, acetaminophen, and, CCl4. Hepatoprotection, and treatment	3-O-(6-O-trans-caffeyt-2-O-~-glucopyranosyl/3-glucopyranoside)-5-O-glucosides of cyanidin, and peonidin	Treatments of mice with anthocyanins fraction in dose dependent manner, and reduced the CYP2E1-dependent aniline hydroxylation, and CYP2E1 protein levels. Antioxidant effects on hepatic GSH level, and GSH S-transferase activity were up-regulated in FeCl2/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation in mouse liver homogenates, also showed superoxide radical scavenging activity.	[290,291]
Hibiscus sabdariffa L.	Anthocyanin-rich extract	In vivo, thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatotoxicity. Hepatoprotection	Cyanidine, delphinidin derivatives, cyanidin-3,5-O-di-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside-5-glucoside	Reduced the serum levels of ALA, AST, and hepatic malondialdehyde, decreased hepatic inflammatory markers, including TNF-α, interleukin-6, and INF-γ, decreased the immuno-positivity of NF kappa-B, and CYP2E1 in liver tissues	[185]
		In vivo tert-BHP-induced cytotoxicity in rat			[176]
		CCl4 in vivo model. Hepatoprotection			[296]
Aronia melanocarpa	Fruit juice	CCl4, N-nitroso diethyl amine, Paracetamol in vivo model. Hepatoprotection	Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside, cyanidin-3-O-xyloside and cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside	Reduced necrotic changes in rat liver and inhibited increase of plasma AST and ALT activities, MDA formation induced by CCl4. Increased liver GSH contents. Decreased the activities of enzymatic markers of cytochrome P450, CYP1A1 and 1A2.	[297,298,299]
Justicia spicigera	Ethyl acetate fraction	CCl4 in vivo model. Hepatoprotection	Peonidin 3,5-O-di-glucoside, malvidin 3,5-O-di-glucoside, and petunidin 3,5-O-di-glucoside	Improvement in liver function indices and oxidative stress markers. Increased SOD and GSH, and decreased MDA.	[184]
Vaccinium sp.	Berry pomace extract	In vitro hepatic cell line HepG2 proliferation. Hepatic cells protection	Procyanidin dimers	Protects hepatic cells from oxidative damage.	[300]
Solanum tuberosum L.	Purple potato’s anthocyanins rich extract	In vivo, alcoholic liver disease mouse model. Hepatoprotection	Petunidin-3-coumaroyl-rutinoside-5-glucoside, peonidin-3-coumaroyl-rutinoside-5-glucoside, petunidin-3-O-glucoside, petunidin-3-rutinoside-5-glucoside, pelphinidin-3-coumaroyl-rutinoside-5-glucoside	Higher levels of SOD and reduced GSH enzymes, reduction in formation of malondialdehyde, protected against alcohol-induced detrimental levels, maneuvered the activity of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)	[301]
Ipomoea batatas	Anthocyanin fraction	Dimethyl nitrosamine-induced liver injury in rats. Hepatoprotection	Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside chloride, malvidin-3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride, and peonidine-3-O-glucoside chloride	Induced Nrf2 mediated antioxidant enzymes, and reduced the COX-2, and iNOS expressions, reduced inflammation through NF-KB inhibition	[302]
Hibiscus sabdariffa	Water extract, and anthocyanins	Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatoprotection	Anthocyanins	Increased GSH and SOD levels, decreased ALT and AST	[303]
Colocasia antiquorum	Ethanolic extract	Paracetamol, and CCl4 toxicated rats. Hepatoprotection	Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rhamnoside	Decreased ALT, and AST levels	[304]
Vaccinium myrtillus and Ribes nigrum	Anthocyanins-rich extracts	Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatoprotection	Glycosides of cyanidin, peonidin, delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin	Normalized activities of glutamate oxaloacetate and glutamate pyruvate transaminase, prevented APAP-induced plasmatic and tissue alterations in biomarkers of oxidative stress	[305]
Raphanus sativus L. (Red radish)	Anthocyanins fraction	CCl4 in vivo model. Hepatoprotection	Pelargonidin derivatives	Reversed the alteration of biochemical parameters to normal	[179]
Raphanus sativus L. var. niger	Fermented roots	In vivo model for the methionine, and choline-deficient, diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver in mice. Hepatoprotection	Pelargonidin derivatives	Decreased lipids in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by downregulating adipogenic transcription factors, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and lipid accumulation-related genes adipocyte protein-2, as well as fatty acid synthase. Decreased ALT, AST, TG levels. Deceased expression of iNO synthase, suppression of the inactivation of macrophages, and Kupffer cells in liver. Inhibition of α-smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor β-1, and collagen type-I α-1 chain leading to reduced liver fibrosis.	[306]
Raphanus sativus L. var. niger	Aqueous extract of roots	In vitro model in HepG2 cells. Hepatoprotection	Pelargonidin derivatives	Induced quinone reductase activity, and expression of multiple phase I, II detoxification enzymes in the HepG2 human hepatoma cell line	[307]
Malvaviscus arboreus Cav	Aerial parts extracts	CCl4 in vivo model. Hepatoprotection	Cyanidin-3-sambubioside	EtOAc (ethyl acetate), and CH2Cl2 (Dichloromethane) extracts significantly reduced the liver injury in rats as indicated by the reduced levels of ALT, AST, ALP, TB, and MDA, comparatively the EtOAc fraction enhanced total antioxidant capacity of liver at the maximum.	[308]
Cornus mas L.	Anthocyanins rich fraction	Lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress in the livers of cholesterol-fed rabbits	Delphinidin 3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, Cyanidin-3-O-robinobioside, pelargonidin-3-O-galactoside, pelargonidin-3-O-robinobioside, cyanidin, and pelargonidin.	Decreased lipid peroxidation, decreased MDA levels, and reduced oxidative stress, an increase in liver GSH found.	[309]